Oncologic surgery guide

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colorectal

Colon cancer operations differ in how much bowel and surrounding tissue they remove.

Research project led by Yevhenii Kozlov · Co-Founder of BookimedUpdated 21 October 2026Sources linked throughout
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How surgery works and how approaches differ

Colon cancer operations differ in how much bowel and surrounding tissue they remove. The surgical plan also defines which blood vessels and lymph nodes are included. For right-sided colon cancer, a 2026 position statement supports standard high-quality right hemicolectomy, removal of the right part of the colon, as the default for most patients. Complete mesocolic excision is a more extensive approach involving the tissue around the colon. It can increase the number of lymph nodes removed, but a definite survival advantage has not been established.

For cancer in the middle or lower rectum, total mesorectal excision removes the rectum’s surrounding fatty tissue as part of cancer surgery. A different approach, local removal of the tumour combined with radiotherapy, may preserve the organ in selected patients. The choice concerns both cancer treatment and the effect of treatment on everyday function.

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Methods and what the numbers show

Other methods with evidence

Method What it is What the numbers show
Contact radiation treatment of a rectal tumour Contact radiation treatment of a rectal tumour.
  • For patients with tumours of 3 cm or larger, 3-year organ preservation rates were 55% (95% CI 41-74) in group A versus 68% (54-85) in group B (HR 0·54, 95% CI 0·26-1·10; p=0·11). 21 (30%) patients in group A and 30 (42%) in group B had an early grade 2-3 adverse event (p=1·0). 3-year; We aimed to determine whether a contact x-ray brachytherapy boost, following or preceding neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, increases the probability of 3-year organ preservation for patients with early rectal cancers. [2]
  • The most common early grade 2-3 adverse events were proctitis (four [6%] in group A, nine [13%] in group B) and radiation dermatitis (seven [10%] in group A, two [3%] in group B). Study follow-up: After a median follow-up of 38·2 months (IQR 34·2-42·5), the 3-year organ preservation rate was 59% (95% CI 48-72) in group A versus 81% (72-91) in group B (hazard ratio [HR] 0·36, 95% CI 0·19-0·70; p=0·0026).; We aimed to determine whether a contact x-ray brachytherapy boost, following or preceding neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, increases the probability of 3-year organ preservation for patients with early rectal cancers. [2]
  • In this cohort of 323 patients 5-year overall survival (OS) was 84.2 %, 3-year recurrence free survival (RFS) was 91.6 %, with 94.7 % disease-free and 95 % stoma-free. 5-year; 3-year; Long-term outcomes of patients treated with contact X-ray brachytherapy and external beam (chemo)radiotherapy following local excision of rectal adenocarcinoma. — In this cohort of 323 patients 5-year overall survival (OS) was 84.2 %, 3-year recurrence free survival (RFS) was 91.6 %, with 94.7 % disease-free and 95 % stoma-free. [3]
Removal of the colon with its surrounding mesocolon Removal of the colon with its surrounding mesocolon.
  • Minimally invasive CME demonstrated significantly higher lymph node retrieval (mean difference [MD]: 6.09, 95% CI: 3.48-8.70, p < 0.001), a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage (0.87% vs. 1.86%, risk ratio [RR]: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24-0.94), improved 3-year overall survival (85.4% vs. 82.2%, RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.10), and 3-year disease-free survival (93.8% vs. 89.4%, RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07) compared with conventional right hemicolectomy. 3-year; Minimally invasive complete mesocolic excision versus conventional right hemicolectomy for right-sided colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — METHODS: In adherence to PRISMA guidelines, 13 studies were included in the analysis (comprising 3 randomized controlled trials and 10 cohort studies, involving a total of 3,743 patients). [4]
  • Meta-analysis showed that complete mesocolic excision increased the lymph node harvest (5 studies, 1479 patients, MD 9.62, 95% CI 5.83-13.41, p > 0.0001, I2 84%), 5-year overall survival (5 studies, 2381 patients, OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.14-3.09, p = 0.01, I2 66%), 5-year disease-free survival (4 studies, 1376 patients, OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.51-3.23, p < 0.0001, I2 0%) and decreased the incidence of local recurrence (4 studies, 818 patients, OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.79, p = 0.02, I2 0%) when compared to standard right hemicolectomy. 5-year; Original studies on short- and long-term oncological outcomes of adult patients undergoing right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision as a treatment for primary colon cancer were considered for inclusion. [5]
  • CME also improved 3-year OS (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.17-2.11, p = 0.003), 5-year OS (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.06-1.89, p = 0.02), and 5-year DFS (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.29-3.07, p = 0.002). 3-year; 5-year; A sub-group analysis for patients with stage III colon cancer showed no significant impact of CME on 3-year and 5-year OS (OR 2.47, 95% CI 0.86-7.06, p = 0.09; OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.78-1.94, p = 0.38). [6]
Removal of visible tumour deposits in the abdomen Removal of visible tumour deposits in the abdomen.
  • Pooled analysis showed that the addition of HIPEC significantly improved OS (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.70], p < 0.001, I2 = 18.2%), with a 40% reduction in mortality, and significant PFS benefit (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: [0.30, 0.87], p = 0.013, I2 = 76.3%), with a 49% reduction in the risk of progression or death. Study follow-up: Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent OS benefits across regions (Eastern: HR = 0.50, 95% CI: [0.32, 0.78]; Western: HR = 0.62, 95% CI: [0.52, 0.74]) and follow-up durations (<30 months: HR = 0.57, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.63]; ≥30 months: HR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.42, 0.85]).; Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and peritoneal metastases (PMs) have a poor prognosis. [7]
  • Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent OS benefits across regions (Eastern: HR = 0.50, 95% CI: [0.32, 0.78]; Western: HR = 0.62, 95% CI: [0.52, 0.74]) and follow-up durations (<30 months: HR = 0.57, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.63]; ≥30 months: HR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.42, 0.85]). 30 months; Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and peritoneal metastases (PMs) have a poor prognosis. [7]
  • No significant OS benefit was observed in either the peritoneal cancer index (PCI) <11 (HR = 0.71, p = 0.089) or PCI ≥ 11 (HR = 0.53, p = 0.063) subgroups. Study follow-up: Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent OS benefits across regions (Eastern: HR = 0.50, 95% CI: [0.32, 0.78]; Western: HR = 0.62, 95% CI: [0.52, 0.74]) and follow-up durations (<30 months: HR = 0.57, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.63]; ≥30 months: HR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.42, 0.85]).; Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and peritoneal metastases (PMs) have a poor prognosis. [7]
Endoscopic bowel tumour removal Endoscopic bowel tumour removal.
  • No statistically significant differences were observed in en bloc resection (RR 1.02, 95%CI 0.95 to 1.10; P = 0.55; I 2 = 73%), R0 resection (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.90 to 1.10; P = 0.95; I 2 = 60%), recurrence (RR 1.73, 95%CI 0.53 to 5.67; P = 0.36; I 2 = 6%), bleeding (RR 0.50, 95%CI 0.10 to 2.63; P = 0.41; I 2 = 68%), perforation (RR 0.22, 95%CI 0.01 to 4.49; P = 0.33), or hospital stay (mean difference [MD] 0.57 days, 95%CI -0.52 to 1.67; P = 0.30; I 2 = 94%) between the TES and ESD approaches. 0.57 days; Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus transanal endoscopic surgery in rectal neoplasms: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and trial sequential analysis. — Five RCTs with 624 patients (TES 307, ESD 317) were included. [8]
  • The meta-analysis found no significant differences between primary ER and primary surgery in overall survival (79.6% vs 82.1%, HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.84-1.45), recurrence-free survival (96.0% vs 96.7%, HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.87-1.88), or disease-specific survival (94.8% vs 96.5%; HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.67-1.78). Study follow-up: The median follow-up time among the studies was 36 months.; Long-term Outcomes of Primary Endoscopic Resection vs Surgery for T1 Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — RESULTS: In total, 17 published studies with 19,979 patients were included. [9]
  • Additional surgery and primary surgery did not produce significant differences in recurrence-free survival (HR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.85-1.89). Study follow-up: The median follow-up time among the studies was 36 months.; Long-term Outcomes of Primary Endoscopic Resection vs Surgery for T1 Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — RESULTS: In total, 17 published studies with 19,979 patients were included. [9]
Heated chemotherapy inside the abdomen (HIPEC) Heated chemotherapy inside the abdomen (HIPEC).
  • HIPEC improved 1-year DFS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.64, 95%Cl: 1.09–2.46) and 5-year OS (OR = 1.49, 95%Cl: 1.10–2.03) in advanced CRC. 1-year; 5-year; Effect of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy on patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — RESULTS: A total of ten high-quality cohort studies and four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included, encompassing 2851 patients. [10]
  • One-year, 3-year, and 5-year peritoneal metastasis-free survival, 3-year and 5-year disease-free survival were better in the prophylactic HIPEC group than in the control group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.521, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.292-0.930], P = 0.028; HR 0.333, 95% CI [0.152-0.731], P = 0.006; HR 0.334, 95% CI [0.125-0.887], P < 0.028; HR 0.701, 95% CI [0.574-0.855], P < 0.001; HR 0.714, 95% CI [0.590-0.864], P = 0.001), respectively. 3-year; 5-year; However, the benefits of prophylactic HIPEC in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer remains unknown. [11]
  • Pooled analysis showed that the addition of HIPEC significantly improved OS (HR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.70], p < 0.001, I2 = 18.2%), with a 40% reduction in mortality, and significant PFS benefit (HR = 0.51, 95% CI: [0.30, 0.87], p = 0.013, I2 = 76.3%), with a 49% reduction in the risk of progression or death. Study follow-up: Subgroup analyses demonstrated consistent OS benefits across regions (Eastern: HR = 0.50, 95% CI: [0.32, 0.78]; Western: HR = 0.62, 95% CI: [0.52, 0.74]) and follow-up durations (<30 months: HR = 0.57, 95% CI: [0.51, 0.63]; ≥30 months: HR = 0.60, 95% CI: [0.42, 0.85]).; Patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and peritoneal metastases (PMs) have a poor prognosis. [7]
Bowel tumour removal through small incisions Bowel tumour removal through small incisions.
  • R-LAR was associated with a significantly lower conversion rate (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.40-0.51, p < 0.00001, I²=28%), lower 30-day reoperation rate (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, p = 0.01, I²=0%), reduced 30-day mortality (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.82, p = 0.002, I²=0%), and higher rate of complete total mesorectal excision (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.38-5.33, p = 0.01, I²=72%). 30-day; Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. — Thirty-three studies including 82,149 patients were analyzed (R-LAR: 56,290; L-LAR: 25,859). [12]
  • Robotic TME was associated with lower three-year locoregional recurrence (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.81) and a modest improvement in disease-free survival (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61-0.99), although event rates were low and estimates should be interpreted cautiously. three-year; Resection quality and oncologic outcomes after robotic versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. — Four randomised trials met inclusion, enrolling 1,952 patients. [13]
  • There was no significant difference in postoperative complications (OR = 0.80, 95 % CI = 0.62-1.03) or 30-day mortality (OR = 0.42, 95 % CI = 0.12-1.47). 30-day; This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of transanal total mesorectal excision (TaTME) with laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (LaTME) in patients with middle and low rectal cancer. [14]
Anterior rectal resection preserving the anal sphincter Anterior rectal resection preserving the anal sphincter.
  • R-LAR was associated with a significantly lower conversion rate (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.40-0.51, p < 0.00001, I²=28%), lower 30-day reoperation rate (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, p = 0.01, I²=0%), reduced 30-day mortality (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.82, p = 0.002, I²=0%), and higher rate of complete total mesorectal excision (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.38-5.33, p = 0.01, I²=72%). 30-day; Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. — Thirty-three studies including 82,149 patients were analyzed (R-LAR: 56,290; L-LAR: 25,859). [12]
  • Compared with TaTME, patients who underwent MiTME had no statistical difference in operation time (SMD -0.14; CI -0.31 to 0.33; I2=84.7%, P=0.116), estimated blood loss (SMD 0.05; CI -0.05 to 0.14; I2=48%, P=0.338), postoperative hospital stay (RR 0.08; CI -0.07 to 0.22; I2=0%, P=0.308), over complications (RR 0.98; CI 0.88 to 1.08; I2=25.4%, P=0.644), intraoperative complications (RR 0.94; CI 0.69 to 1.29; I2=31.1%, P=0.712), postoperative complications (RR 0.98; CI 0.87 to 1.11; I2=16.1%, P=0.789), anastomotic stenosis (RR 0.85; CI 0.73 to 0.98; I2=7.4%, P=0.564), wound infection (RR 1.08; CI 0.65 to 1.81; I2=1.9%, P=0.755), circumferential resection margin (RR 1.10; CI 0.91 to 1.34; I2=0%, P=0.322), distal resection margin (RR 1.49; CI 0.73 to 3.05; I2=0%, P=0.272), major low anterior resection syndrome (RR 0.93; CI 0.79 to 1.10; I2=0%, P=0.386), lymph node yield (SMD 0.06; CI -0.04 to 0.17; I2=39.6%, P=0.249), 2-year DFS rate (RR 0.99; CI 0.88 to 1.11; I2=0%, P = 0.816), 2-year OS rate (RR 1.00; CI 0.90 to 1.11; I2=0%, P = 0.969), distant metastasis rate (RR 0.47; CI 0.17 to 1.29; I2=0%, P = 0.143), and local recurrence rate (RR 1.49; CI 0.75 to 2.97; I2=0%, P = 0.250). 2-year; A systematic review and meta-analysis of minimally invasive total mesorectal excision versus transanal total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer. — There are 11010 patients including 39 articles. [15]
  • At 24 months, disease-free survival was 92.8% in the intervention group vs 77.3% in controls, and overall survival was 95.9% vs 83.5%, respectively. 24 months; In this single-center, randomized controlled trial, 194 patients with stage I-III low rectal adenocarcinoma undergoing curative ultra-low anterior resection were assigned to standard enhanced recovery after surgery care or enhanced recovery after surgery plus an integrated perioperative host-response optimization program. [16]
Removal of lateral pelvic lymph nodes Removal of lateral pelvic lymph nodes.
  • Five-year LR rates after LLND+ were reduced (range 3-15%) compared to LLND- (11-27%; RR = 0.40, 95%CI [0.25-0.62], p < 0.0001). Five-year; Systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term oncological outcomes of lateral lymph node dissection for metastatic nodes after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. — RESULTS: Seven studies, including 946 patients, were analysed. [17]
  • Five-year DFS was not significantly different after LLND+ (range 61-78% vs. 46-79% for LLND-; RR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.51-1.02], p = 0.143), and neither was five-year OS (range 69-91% vs. 72-80%; RR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.45-1.14], p = 0.163). Five-year; five-year; Systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term oncological outcomes of lateral lymph node dissection for metastatic nodes after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. — RESULTS: Seven studies, including 946 patients, were analysed. [17]
  • No difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.77-1.10, P = .36, I2 = 67%), overall survival at maximum follow-up (odds ratio: 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.83-1.25, P = .86, I2 = 22%), 5-year overall survival (odds ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.30, P = .94, I2 = 50%), disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 1.25, 95% confidence interval 0.87-1.82, P = .23, I2 = 74%), disease-free survival at maximum follow-up (odds ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.88-1.31, P = .50, I2 = 0%), 5-year disease-free survival (odds ratio: 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.32, P = .54, I2 = 0%), local recurrence (odds ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.42, P = .97, I2 = 34%), distant recurrence (odds ratio: 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.62-1.46, P = .84, I2 = 18%), and total recurrence (odds ratio: 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.29, P = .82, I2 = 0%). 5-year; The electronic data sources were explored to capture all studies comparing total mesorectal excision with and without lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in patients undergoing operation for rectal cancer. [18]
Removal of liver metastases Removal of liver metastases.
  • The findings of this review found no significant difference in 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates between both approaches (relative risk (RR) = 0.84 (0.54, 1.30), P = 0.35, I2 = 94%) and (RR = 1.00 (0.32, 3.13), P = 0.99, I2 = 89%), respectively. 5-year; The included studies enrolled patients with either resectable or unresectable tumors, depending on tumor characteristics, institutional protocols, and clinical eligibility. [19]
  • There was no significant difference between RFA and HR in 30-day mortality, with a pooled OR of 0.88 (95% CI 0.34-2.29; P = 0.80). 30-day; Though hepatic resection (HR) is the standard local therapy for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLMs), currently, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may play an alternative role for elderly and vulnerable patients with various organ dysfunctions. [20]
  • Median overall survival of 54.0 months [95 %-CI: 38.6-69.4] was observed after repeat hepatectomy in patients suffering from recurrent CRLM between three to six months compared to 53.0 months [95 %-CI: 44.3-61.6] for patients with recurrent CRLM between seven to twelve months (adjusted HR = 0.89, 95 %-CI: 0.66-1.18; p = 0.410), and 60.0 months [95 %-CI: 52.7-67.3] for patients with recurrent CRLM after twelve months (adjusted HR = 0.70, 95 %-CI: 0.53-0.92; p = 0.012). 54.0 months; 53.0 months; 60.0 months; The benefit of repeat hepatectomy in patients with early recurrence of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) is questioned, in particular in those suffering from recurrence within three to six months following initial hepatectomy. [21]
Local removal of a rectal tumour Local removal of a rectal tumour.
  • RR led to an improvement in 5-year overall survival (OR 1.84; 95 % CI 1.54-2.20; p < 0.0001; I2 20 %) and local recurrence (OR 3.06; 95 % CI 2.02-4.64; p < 0.0001; I2 39 %) when compared to LR. 5-year; Oncological outcomes of local excision versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer in the context of staging and surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — RESULTS: Twenty studies with 12,022 patients were included: 6,476 patients had LR and 5,546 patients underwent RR. [22]
  • However, when staging and surveillance methods were clearly adopted in LR cases, there was an improvement in R0 rates (96.7 % vs 85.6 %), 5-year disease-free survival (93.0 % vs 77.9 %) and overall survival (81.6 % vs 79.0 %) compared to when staging and surveillance was not reported/performed. 5-year; Oncological outcomes of local excision versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer in the context of staging and surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. — RESULTS: Twenty studies with 12,022 patients were included: 6,476 patients had LR and 5,546 patients underwent RR. [22]
  • Rates of positive resection margins (rigid platforms: 7.6% vs TAMIS: 9.34%, OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.42-1.55, p = 0.53) and specimen fragmentation (rigid platforms: 3.3% vs TAMIS: 4.4%, OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.33-1.64, p = 0.46) were similar between the groups. Assessment: surgical specimen margins on tissue examination; Trans‑anal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) versus rigid platforms for local excision of early rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. — 7 studies were published between 2015 and 2022, including 931 patients (423 females); 402 underwent TAMIS and 529 underwent LE with rigid platforms. [23]
Microwave ablation of a tumour Microwave ablation of a tumour.
  • The 1- and 3-year OS rate was 75.7% and 48.6% versus 75.0% and 50.0% (P = 0.775 and 0.918, respectively). 3-year; This retrospective study aimed to compare the local tumor control, survival and procedure-related complications in CRC patients undergoing low-dose rate stereotactic ablative brachytherapy (L-SABT) versus percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) for lung oligometastasis. [24]
  • The complication rate was 112 (55%) and 40 (74%) in the RFA and MWA group, respectively (p=0.011). Study follow-up: However, the MWA group demonstrated higher survival rate and less recurrence rate than RFA in the first 24 months of follow up.; Comparison of Microwave and Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Pulmonary Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. — This is a retrospective study of 203 patients who received RFA and MWA from 2000-2018 at a major tertiary hospital in Australia. [25]
  • After propensity score matching, the 1-, 2-, and 3-year local tumor progression free survival rates were found to be 60.3%, 19.1%, and 17.6% in the PMWA group, and 72.1%, 35.3%, 26.5% in the resection group, respectively (p = 0.049). 3-year; Long-term outcomes of ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation versus resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases: a propensity-score matched study. — This retrospective study included 184 patients with CRCLM from January 2012 to June 2017. [26]
Omitting lateral pelvic lymph node removal Omitting lateral pelvic lymph node removal.
  • The 5-year local recurrence, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 3.1% vs. 5.3% (hazard ratio [HR], 0.738; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.207-2.634; P =0.640), 77.1% vs. 71.4% (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.50-1.29), and 87.0% vs. 86.9% (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.22-2.81) with and without lymph node dissection, respectively. 5-year; To determine whether lateral pelvic lymph node dissection improves oncological outcomes in patients with rectal cancer with radiologically responsive lateral pelvic nodes (LPNs) following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). [27]
Open bowel surgery Open bowel surgery.
  • Three-year locoregional recurrence was higher in laparoscopic than open group (5.4% (95% c.i. 3.3% to 7.5%) versus 2.0% (95% c.i. 0.7% to 3.4%), respectively; pooled estimate 3.1% difference (95% c.i. 0.6% to 5.6%)). Three-year; This prospective meta-analysis included individual patient data from patients with cT1-3 N0-2 M0 rectal adenocarcinoma enrolled in the ALaCaRT and ACOSOG Z6051 trials. [28]
  • For long-term outcomes, MIS demonstrated significantly improved 3-year OS (RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.41; p = 0.04), whereas 3-year DFS showed no significant difference (RR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.41; p = 0.87). 3-year; Pelvic exenteration (PE) is a complex surgical procedure used to treat patients with recurrent or locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) as a final recourse. [29]
  • In the LRL group, a higher conversion to open rate (12.4%) was observed compared to the RLR (6.7%; p = <0.001). 30-day mortality was 0.7% for the LRL group compared to 0.5% for the RLR group (p = 0.76). 30-day; Robotic versus Laparoscopic Liver Resections for Colorectal Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. — Eight studies involving 3210 patients were considered eligible for the meta-analysis. [30]
Partial removal of the tissue around the rectum Partial removal of the tissue around the rectum.
  • Three-year OS was 93%, 97%, and 100% in the respective groups (P = .36); DFS was 85%, 76%, and 75% (P = .51). Three-year; METHODS: Patients who underwent an intention-to-treat AR-TSME for a non-metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma within 15 cm from the anal verge from September 2018 to February 2024 were included. [31]
  • Circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement (HR 4.68, 95%CI 1.78-12.31) and R1 resections (HR 5.66, 95%CI 2.31-13.87) were significantly associated with disease recurrence. Study follow-up: Median follow-up was 27 months.; METHODS: Patients who underwent an intention-to-treat AR-TSME for a non-metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma within 15 cm from the anal verge from September 2018 to February 2024 were included. [31]
  • The 5-year disease-free survival (81.4% vs. 74.0%, P=0.537) and overall survival (88.0% vs. 81.1%, P=0.847) also did not differ between the PME and TME groups, confined to middle rectal cancer. 5-year; This study included 671 patients with middle and upper rectal cancer who underwent robot-assisted PME or TME. [32]
Removal of the colon and rectum Removal of the colon and rectum.
  • Disease-free survival at 10 years was 98% for all groups (P = .97). 10 years; Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of colorectal cancer. [33]
  • Pouch survival at 10 years was 96% for PRE, 99% for BOTH, and 97% for POST (P = .24). 10 years; Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at increased risk of colorectal cancer. [33]
  • Ten-year overall survival was 94% for InD and 89% for PreD (P = 0.41), disease-free survival was 95% for InD and 90% for PreD (P = 0.685) and pouch survival was 89% for InD and 97% for PreD (P = 0.80). Ten-year; Inflammatory bowel disease patients with incidentally found CRC during IPAA appear to have similarly excellent oncological and pouch outcomes to patients with a preoperative cancer diagnosis. [34]
External radiotherapy External radiotherapy.
  • Neoadjuvant radiation therapy (NRT) has shown survival benefits in LACC, improving 5-year overall survival with an hazard ratio of 1.42 (95% CI, 1.1-1.82) compared with non-NRT regimens. 5-year; To Explore the Efficacy and Safety of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — RESULTS: Eleven studies with a total of 698 patients with LACC treated with NCRT were finally included in the analysis. [35]
  • No statistically significant difference in 3-year overall survival (OS) was observed between the two groups (RR= 1.06, 95% CI: 0.98-1.14). 3-year; Several ongoing trials are expected to provide further evidence confirming the findings of RAPIDO trial and detail appropriate SCRT-CCT protocols to improve oncological outcomes, minimize toxicity, and determine its effectiveness as the standard-of-care for locally advanced rectal cancer patients. [36]
  • The weighted arithmetic mean of 3-year OS and pCR was 83.6% versus 80.9%, and 24.5% versus 13.6% for SCRT-CCT and LCRT, respectively. 3-year; Several ongoing trials are expected to provide further evidence confirming the findings of RAPIDO trial and detail appropriate SCRT-CCT protocols to improve oncological outcomes, minimize toxicity, and determine its effectiveness as the standard-of-care for locally advanced rectal cancer patients. [36]
Radiofrequency ablation of a tumour Radiofrequency ablation of a tumour.
  • There was no significant difference between RFA and HR in 30-day mortality, with a pooled OR of 0.88 (95% CI 0.34-2.29; P = 0.80). 30-day; Though hepatic resection (HR) is the standard local therapy for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLMs), currently, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) may play an alternative role for elderly and vulnerable patients with various organ dysfunctions. [20]
  • Three-year survival rates were 39.2%, 18.6%, and 8.2% for surgery ± RFA + systemic, RFA + systemic, and systemic only groups, respectively. Three-year; This study aimed to assess the clinical benefits of hepatic resection and identify optimal treatments for colorectal cancer patients with ≥10 liver-limited metastases (LLMs). [37]
  • The complication rate was 112 (55%) and 40 (74%) in the RFA and MWA group, respectively (p=0.011). Study follow-up: However, the MWA group demonstrated higher survival rate and less recurrence rate than RFA in the first 24 months of follow up.; Comparison of Microwave and Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Pulmonary Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer. — This is a retrospective study of 203 patients who received RFA and MWA from 2000-2018 at a major tertiary hospital in Australia. [25]
Robot-assisted bowel tumour removal Robot-assisted bowel tumour removal.
  • R-LAR was associated with a significantly lower conversion rate (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.40-0.51, p < 0.00001, I²=28%), lower 30-day reoperation rate (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, p = 0.01, I²=0%), reduced 30-day mortality (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.82, p = 0.002, I²=0%), and higher rate of complete total mesorectal excision (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.38-5.33, p = 0.01, I²=72%). 30-day; Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. — Thirty-three studies including 82,149 patients were analyzed (R-LAR: 56,290; L-LAR: 25,859). [12]
  • Kaplan-Meier-estimated 3-year OS rates were 100.0% for KD (95% CI, 100.0%-100.0%) and 94.0% for DV (95% CI, 82.4%-98.0%, log-rank P = 0.606). 3-year; At 3 years, no significant between-group differences in DFS or OS were detected between patients assigned to KD-SR-01 and da Vinci Xi for colorectal cancer resection. [38]
  • The RP and LP groups had similar rates of positive CRM (10.5% vs. 9.4%, p = 0.072), positive surgical margins (6% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.528), examined lymph nodes number (median: 15 vs. 15, p = 0.105), 30-day mortality (0.7% vs. 0.9%, p = 0.405), 90-day mortality (1.5% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.333), and unplanned 30-day readmission (6.6% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.477). 30-day; 90-day; Data from the NCDB (2015-2021) on patients with stage II-III rectal adenocarcinoma were collected. [39]
Removal of a section of colon Removal of a section of colon.
  • There were no significant differences between groups for 5-year overall survival (OS) (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.82-1.03; and p = 0.14), 10-year OS (RR 0.99; 95% CI 0.96-1.04; and p = 0.80), and mortality (RR 1.63; 95% CI 0.90-2.97; and p = 0.11). 5-year; 10-year; The decision to perform segmental or extended colectomy in Lynch syndrome (LS) patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) is still controversial. [40]
  • Minimally invasive CME demonstrated significantly higher lymph node retrieval (mean difference [MD]: 6.09, 95% CI: 3.48-8.70, p < 0.001), a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage (0.87% vs. 1.86%, risk ratio [RR]: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.24-0.94), improved 3-year overall survival (85.4% vs. 82.2%, RR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00-1.10), and 3-year disease-free survival (93.8% vs. 89.4%, RR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01-1.07) compared with conventional right hemicolectomy. 3-year; Minimally invasive complete mesocolic excision versus conventional right hemicolectomy for right-sided colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — METHODS: In adherence to PRISMA guidelines, 13 studies were included in the analysis (comprising 3 randomized controlled trials and 10 cohort studies, involving a total of 3,743 patients). [4]
  • As for survival outcomes, no significant difference was observed between the two groups for 5-year disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.61, OR = 0.93, 95%CI [0.72, 1.21], I2 = 0%), 5-year overall survival (OS; P = 0.83, OR = 0.97, 95%CI [0.71, 1.32], I2 = 0%), 3-year DFS (P = 0.97, OR = 0.96, 95%CI [0.69, 1.32], I2 = 0%), and 3-year OS (P = 0.67, OR = 0.92, 95%CI [0.63, 1.35], I2 = 0%). 5-year; 3-year; When compared with the laparoscopic group, the open group had significantly more tumors locating on middle transverse colon (P = 0.006, OR = 0.67, 95%CI [0.50, 0.89], I2 = 12%) and more patients received transverse colectomy (P = 0.03, OR = 0.66, 95%CI [0.46, 0.96], I2 = 53%) as results. [41]
Laparoscopic bowel surgery through one incision Laparoscopic bowel surgery through one incision.
  • The 5-year OS rates were 88.7% and 90.6% in the SILS and CLS groups, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.26 [95% CI 0.52-3.02], P = 0.61). 5-year; Patients aged 18-85 years who were diagnosed with or suspected of having colorectal cancer (staged cT1-4aN0-2M0) were enrolled. [42]
  • The 5-year OS was 86.7% (95% CI,79.6-93.8%) in the SILS + 1 group and 80.5% (95% CI,72.5-88.5%) in the CLS group (hazard ratio: 1.53 (95% CI, 0.74-3.18; P = 0.25)). 5-year; Patients with clinical stage T1-4aN0-2M0 rectosigmoid cancer were enrolled. [43]
  • The 30-day postoperative complication rate was 10.6% in the SPLS group and 13.9% in the MPLS group (95% confidence interval, -10.05 to 3.05 percentage points; P < 0.0001). 30-day; Even though there was no obvious benefit to SPLS over MPLS when performing colectomy for cancer, our data suggest that SPLS is noninferior to MPLS and can be considered an option in selected patients, when performed by experienced surgeons.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01480128. [44]
Watch-and-wait monitoring Watch-and-wait monitoring.
  • WW showed no significant difference compared with TME regarding local recurrence (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.07-26.17; I2 = 80%), distant metastases (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.29-1.33; I2 = 49%), 5-year disease-free survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.71-1.31; I2 = 51.7%), or overall survival (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.30; I2 = 27.9%). 5-year; Outcomes of Response-Based Watch-and-Wait and Surgical Management After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I.ResultsSix studies comprising 793 patients were analyzed. [45]
  • In terms of oncological outcomes, there was no significant difference between the watch-and-wait strategy and surgical treatment in terms of overall survival (OS) (HR = 0.92, 95% CI (0.52, 1.64), P = 0.777), and subgroup analysis showed no significant difference in 5-year disease-free survival (5-year DFS) between WW and both local excision (LE) and radical surgery (RS) (HR = 1.76, 95% CI (0.97, 3.19), P = 0.279; HR = 1.98, 95% CI (0.95, 4.13), P = 0.164), in distant metastasis rate (RR = 1.12, 95% CI (0.73, 1.72), P = 0.593), mortality rate (RR = 1.62, 95% CI (0.93, 2.84), P = 0.09), and organ preservation rate (RR = 1.05, 95% CI (0.94, 1.17), P = 0.394) which were not statistically significant and on the outcome indicators of local recurrence rate (RR = 2.09, 95% CI (1.44, 3.03), P < 0.001) and stoma rate (RR = 0.35, 95% CI (0.20, 0.61), P < 0.001). 5-year; Seven national and international databases were searched for clinical trials comparing the watch-and-wait strategy with surgical treatment for oncological outcomes in patients with rectal cancer in clinical complete remission. [46]
  • The RS group was significantly better than the WW group in terms of the LR rate (odds ratio [OR] = 0.12, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.06-0.21, P < 0.001, I2 = 0 %], 3-year DFS (OR = 1.56, 95 % CI: 1.10-2.21, P = 0.01, I2 = 38 %), and 5-year DFS (OR = 2.30, 95 % CI: 1.53-3.46, P < 0.001, I2 = 34 %). 3-year; 5-year; We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and clinical trials to compare WW with RS and LE for patients with cCR until March 2023 and collected the following data: local recurrence (LR), distant metastasis (DM), cancer-related death (CRD), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS). [47]
Drug treatment that acts throughout the body Drug treatment that acts throughout the body.
  • WW showed no significant difference compared with TME regarding local recurrence (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.07-26.17; I2 = 80%), distant metastases (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.29-1.33; I2 = 49%), 5-year disease-free survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.71-1.31; I2 = 51.7%), or overall survival (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.30; I2 = 27.9%). 5-year; Outcomes of Response-Based Watch-and-Wait and Surgical Management After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I.ResultsSix studies comprising 793 patients were analyzed. [45]
  • TNT improved DFS (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98; P = 0.025; I2 = 0%) and pCR (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.45-2.73; P < 0.001; I2 = 30.6%), but did not improve OS (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.76-1.05) or significantly reduce DM (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64-1.03). Study follow-up: Phase II/III randomized trials comparing TNT with nCRT in adults with MRI-confirmed LARC (cT3-4 and/or cN+, M0) and a minimum median follow-up of 5 years were included.; Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes. — RESULTS: Five trials including 2104 patients were analyzed (1063 TNT, 1041 nCRT; median follow-up 67-87 months). [48]
  • LR was not significantly different in the primary analysis (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.95-1.62; P = 0.111). Study follow-up: Phase II/III randomized trials comparing TNT with nCRT in adults with MRI-confirmed LARC (cT3-4 and/or cN+, M0) and a minimum median follow-up of 5 years were included.; Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes. — RESULTS: Five trials including 2104 patients were analyzed (1063 TNT, 1041 nCRT; median follow-up 67-87 months). [48]
Removal of the rectum and surrounding tissue through the anus (TaTME) Removal of the rectum and surrounding tissue through the anus (TaTME).
  • The local recurrence rate following taTME was 3.4% (95% CI 2.9%-3.9%, I2 = 0%) in 4987 patients with follow-up durations ranging from 0.7 to 5.5 years. 5.5 years; A systematic review and meta-analysis of oncological outcomes with transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. — The local recurrence rate following taTME was 3.4% (95% CI 2.9%-3.9%, I2 = 0%) in 4987 patients with follow-up durations ranging from 0.7 to 5.5 years. [49]
  • Compared with laparoscopic TME, local recurrence was not statistically different for the taTME group (p = 0.076); however, it was less probable (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.24-1.09, I2 = 0%). Study follow-up: The local recurrence rate following taTME was 3.4% (95% CI 2.9%-3.9%, I2 = 0%) in 4987 patients with follow-up durations ranging from 0.7 to 5.5 years.; A systematic review and meta-analysis of oncological outcomes with transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. — The local recurrence rate following taTME was 3.4% (95% CI 2.9%-3.9%, I2 = 0%) in 4987 patients with follow-up durations ranging from 0.7 to 5.5 years. [49]
  • There were no differences in 5-year overall survival (LapTME HR 1.1, 95% CrI 0.74, 1.4; TaTME HR 1.7, 95% CrI 0.79, 3.4), disease-free survival rates (LapTME HR 1.1, 95% CrI 0.76, 1.4; TaTME HR 1.1, 95% CrI 0.52, 2.4), or anastomotic leakage (LapTME RR = 0.92 (95% CrI 0.63, 1.1); RoTME RR = 1.0 (95% CrI 0.48, 1.8); TaTME RR = 0.53 (95% CrI 0.19, 1.2). 5-year; Outcomes of open vs laparoscopic vs robotic vs transanal total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer: a network meta-analysis. — Thirty-two RCTs with a total of 6151 patients were included. [50]
Endoscopic rectal tumour removal through the anus (TEM/TAMIS) Endoscopic rectal tumour removal through the anus (TEM/TAMIS).
  • No statistically significant differences were observed in en bloc resection (RR 1.02, 95%CI 0.95 to 1.10; P = 0.55; I 2 = 73%), R0 resection (RR 1.00, 95%CI 0.90 to 1.10; P = 0.95; I 2 = 60%), recurrence (RR 1.73, 95%CI 0.53 to 5.67; P = 0.36; I 2 = 6%), bleeding (RR 0.50, 95%CI 0.10 to 2.63; P = 0.41; I 2 = 68%), perforation (RR 0.22, 95%CI 0.01 to 4.49; P = 0.33), or hospital stay (mean difference [MD] 0.57 days, 95%CI -0.52 to 1.67; P = 0.30; I 2 = 94%) between the TES and ESD approaches. 0.57 days; Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus transanal endoscopic surgery in rectal neoplasms: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and trial sequential analysis. — Five RCTs with 624 patients (TES 307, ESD 317) were included. [8]
  • Rates of positive resection margins (rigid platforms: 7.6% vs TAMIS: 9.34%, OR 0.81, 95%CI 0.42-1.55, p = 0.53) and specimen fragmentation (rigid platforms: 3.3% vs TAMIS: 4.4%, OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.33-1.64, p = 0.46) were similar between the groups. Assessment: surgical specimen margins on tissue examination; Trans‑anal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) versus rigid platforms for local excision of early rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. — 7 studies were published between 2015 and 2022, including 931 patients (423 females); 402 underwent TAMIS and 529 underwent LE with rigid platforms. [23]
  • TEM was associated with more patients with a positive margin or a doubtfully complete margin than RS (RR 7.36, 95% CI: 3.66, 14.78). Assessment: surgical specimen margins on tissue examination; AIM: We aimed to compare the safety and oncological outcomes of transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and radical surgery (RS) for patients with T1 or T2 rectal cancer. [51]
Removal of the rectum and its surrounding tissue (TME) Removal of the rectum and its surrounding tissue (TME).
  • R-LAR was associated with a significantly lower conversion rate (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.40-0.51, p < 0.00001, I²=28%), lower 30-day reoperation rate (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77-0.96, p = 0.01, I²=0%), reduced 30-day mortality (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52-0.82, p = 0.002, I²=0%), and higher rate of complete total mesorectal excision (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.38-5.33, p = 0.01, I²=72%). 30-day; Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. — Thirty-three studies including 82,149 patients were analyzed (R-LAR: 56,290; L-LAR: 25,859). [12]
  • WW showed no significant difference compared with TME regarding local recurrence (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.07-26.17; I2 = 80%), distant metastases (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.29-1.33; I2 = 49%), 5-year disease-free survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.71-1.31; I2 = 51.7%), or overall survival (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.30; I2 = 27.9%). 5-year; Outcomes of Response-Based Watch-and-Wait and Surgical Management After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I.ResultsSix studies comprising 793 patients were analyzed. [45]
  • Robotic TME was associated with lower three-year locoregional recurrence (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.81) and a modest improvement in disease-free survival (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.61-0.99), although event rates were low and estimates should be interpreted cautiously. three-year; Resection quality and oncologic outcomes after robotic versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. — Four randomised trials met inclusion, enrolling 1,952 patients. [13]
Combined drug treatment and radiotherapy before surgery Combined drug treatment and radiotherapy before surgery.
  • WW showed no significant difference compared with TME regarding local recurrence (OR 1.36, 95% CI 0.07-26.17; I2 = 80%), distant metastases (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.29-1.33; I2 = 49%), 5-year disease-free survival (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.71-1.31; I2 = 51.7%), or overall survival (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.30; I2 = 27.9%). 5-year; Outcomes of Response-Based Watch-and-Wait and Surgical Management After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. — Risk of bias was evaluated using ROBINS-I.ResultsSix studies comprising 793 patients were analyzed. [45]
  • TNT improved DFS (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98; P = 0.025; I2 = 0%) and pCR (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.45-2.73; P < 0.001; I2 = 30.6%), but did not improve OS (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.76-1.05) or significantly reduce DM (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.64-1.03). Study follow-up: Phase II/III randomized trials comparing TNT with nCRT in adults with MRI-confirmed LARC (cT3-4 and/or cN+, M0) and a minimum median follow-up of 5 years were included.; Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes. — RESULTS: Five trials including 2104 patients were analyzed (1063 TNT, 1041 nCRT; median follow-up 67-87 months). [48]
  • LR was not significantly different in the primary analysis (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.95-1.62; P = 0.111). Study follow-up: Phase II/III randomized trials comparing TNT with nCRT in adults with MRI-confirmed LARC (cT3-4 and/or cN+, M0) and a minimum median follow-up of 5 years were included.; Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes. — RESULTS: Five trials including 2104 patients were analyzed (1063 TNT, 1041 nCRT; median follow-up 67-87 months). [48]
Removal of the whole colon Removal of the whole colon.
  • The metachronous tumor rate was 12% to 33% with a follow-up period of up to 15 years, significantly lower in patients who underwent subtotal/total colectomy (0-6%). 15 years; The metachronous tumor rate was 12% to 33% with a follow-up period of up to 15 years, significantly lower in patients who underwent subtotal/total colectomy (0-6%). [52]
  • The metachronous tumor rate was approximately 10% to 30% at up to 15 years, significantly improved by subtotal/total colectomy. 15 years; The metachronous tumor rate was 12% to 33% with a follow-up period of up to 15 years, significantly lower in patients who underwent subtotal/total colectomy (0-6%). [52]

When surgery may help and what alternatives to discuss

For right-sided colon cancer, complete mesocolic excision may be considered for physically fit patients with high-risk or anatomically complex disease, rather than for everyone. The 2026 position statement places this surgery in experienced units with appropriate training and quality checks.

For rectal cancer, local tumour removal with radiotherapy is an option to discuss when preserving the rectum is a priority or a larger operation is unsuitable. The patients studied in a 2026 review had disease up to clinical stage T3 and/or a favourable response to treatment before surgery; this is not a general recommendation for every rectal tumour.

Cancer extending beyond the usual rectal surgery planes, or returning in the pelvis, needs an individual assessment by specialists working together. More extensive surgery must balance complete cancer removal against organ function and quality of life. If a transanal approach, operating through the anus, is being considered for a complex case, a 2020 consensus recommends referral to an expert centre for that technique.

Sources (4)

Expected outcomes and limits of the evidence

A 2026 review of 12 randomized trials included 3,107 patients having surgery for colorectal cancer. During the operation, robot-assisted surgery had lower odds of needing a switch to open surgery than conventional keyhole surgery: an odds ratio of 0.42, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.28 to 0.63. This is a relative comparison, not the percentage of patients who needed open surgery. Robot-assisted operations took an average of 23.8 minutes longer, while the postoperative hospital stay was an average of 0.8 days shorter. These are pooled group differences, not a prediction of an individual’s recovery.

A separate 2026 review compared outpatient and inpatient keyhole colorectal surgery across seven studies, involving 1,546 outpatient and 56,279 inpatient patients. It found no statistically significant difference in readmission within 30 days. These findings concern selected patients and do not establish that outpatient surgery is suitable for everyone.

Sources (2)

Risks to discuss with your surgeon

Risks studied after keyhole colorectal surgery include leakage at the bowel join, delayed return of bowel movement, wound infection, another operation and death. The 2026 outpatient-versus-inpatient review found no statistically significant differences in reoperation or mortality between the groups; this does not mean those risks were absent.

Rectal surgery can affect urinary and sexual function. A 2021 consensus focuses on preserving a tissue layer near the rectum to help protect these functions. The balance between functional protection and cancer surgery is a useful topic for discussion with the surgeon.

More extensive surgery has additional trade-offs. Complete mesocolic excision can carry increased procedural risk when dissecting around major blood vessels. For advanced or recurrent rectal cancer requiring pelvic exenteration, extensive surgery in the pelvis, a 2023 consensus highlights serious complications, permanent loss of organ function and reduced quality of life.

Sources (4)

Recovery and follow-up care

Bowel preparation depends on the operation. Recommendations published in 2023 suggest oral antibiotics alone or a bowel-cleansing preparation plus oral antibiotics before minimally invasive right-colon surgery. They suggest the combined preparation for left-colon and sigmoid surgery, and for right-colon surgery when the bowel join is made inside the abdomen. For minimally invasive rectal surgery, they suggest adding an enema. These are conditional recommendations to discuss with the surgical team, not a preparation regimen to start independently.

Recovery planning includes care after leaving hospital. A 2024 consensus on same-day colectomy includes both hospital monitoring and home monitoring among its quality measures. A plan for going home therefore needs to cover how the team will monitor recovery, not simply a discharge date.

After colorectal cancer surgery intended to cure the cancer, longer-term follow-up includes planning colonoscopy to check the remaining bowel for new cancers. The 2016 surveillance recommendations also address checks for local recurrence after rectal cancer. Discuss the examination schedule and who will arrange it with the treating team.

Sources (4)

Explore surgery and care teams

Specialists and their operations

Israel · 7 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Joseph KlauznerJoseph Klauzner Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Tel Aviv, Israel

 Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Prostatectomy; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Small intestine resection; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1984

 Ask about treatment
Ron GreenbergRon Greenberg Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Tel Aviv, Israel

 Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 1991

 Ask about treatment
Gideon GoldmanGideon Goldman Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Tel Aviv, Israel

 Small intestine resection; Colectomy (large bowel resection)

In practice since 1984

 Ask about treatment
Hagit TulchinskyHagit Tulchinsky Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Tel Aviv, Israel

 Small intestine resection; Colectomy (large bowel resection)

In practice since 1991

 Ask about treatment
Igor SuhotnikIgor Suhotnik Sourasky Medical Center (Ichilov)

Tel Aviv, Israel

 Small intestine resection; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 1990

 Ask about treatment
Alon PikarskyAlon Pikarsky Hadassah Medical Center

Jerusalem, Israel

 Da Vinci Robotic System; Small intestine resection; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection

In practice since 1987

 Ask about treatment
Almog Ben YaacovAlmog Ben Yaacov Sheba Medical Center

Ramat Gan, Israel

 Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS); Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2006

 Ask about treatment
Czech Republic · 1 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Jaroslav TvaruzekJaroslav Tvaruzek Robotic Surgery Center in St. Zdislava Hospital

Velke Mezirici, Czech Republic

 Thyroid resection; Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Nephrectomy; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Robotic da Vinci prostatectomy; Hysterectomy with DaVinci robot; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1990

 Ask about treatment
Turkey · 1–12 of 25 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Mustafa SolakMustafa Solak Hisar Hospital Intercontinental

Istanbul, Turkey

 Mastectomy; Thyroid resection; Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Prostatectomy; Removal of spinal cord tumor; Melanoma surgery; Nephrectomy; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Robotic da Vinci prostatectomy; Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP); Breast cancer surgery; Hysterectomy (uterus removal); Lumpectomy; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Orchiectomy; Mohs microsurgery; Hysterectomy with DaVinci robot; Lung cancer surgery; Bladder removal; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Removal of meningioma; Rectal resection; Removal of testicle tumor; Throat cancer operation; Tongue cancer surgery; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery; Bladder removal with reconstruction; Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

In practice since 2006

 Ask about treatment
Sinan KaraaslanSinan Karaaslan Anadolu Medical Center

Istanbul, Turkey

 Mastectomy; Stomach cancer surgery; Breast cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1997

 Ask about treatment
Bulent KaragozBulent Karagoz Anadolu Medical Center

Istanbul, Turkey

 Mastectomy; Melanoma surgery; Stomach cancer surgery; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Lung cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection; Throat cancer operation

In practice since 1993

 Ask about treatment
Pekize Eker BalciogluPekize Eker Balcioglu Hisar Hospital Intercontinental

Istanbul, Turkey

 Nephrectomy; Small intestine resection; Hysterectomy (uterus removal); Lumpectomy; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 2002

 Ask about treatment
Cengiz DibekogluCengiz Dibekoglu Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Breast cancer surgery; Lumpectomy; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 1991

 Ask about treatment
Halil AlisHalil Alis Valued Med Hub Hospitals

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Hysterectomy (uterus removal); Lumpectomy; Whipple surgery; Lung cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 1992

 Ask about treatment
Turgut CamkiranTurgut Camkiran Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1978

 Ask about treatment
Erol KilicErol Kilic Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2009

 Ask about treatment
Kadir DicleKadir Dicle Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2000

 Ask about treatment
Levent Akgun KazakLevent Akgun Kazak Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2008

 Ask about treatment
Soykan BarlasSoykan Barlas VM Medical Park Florya Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Lumpectomy; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2002

 Ask about treatment
Yusuf AcikgozYusuf Acikgoz Lokman Hekim University Ankara Hospital

Ankara, Turkey

 Mastectomy; Thyroid resection; Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Breast cancer surgery; Tongue cancer surgery; Pancreatic cancer surgery; Bladder removal with reconstruction

In practice since 2016

 Ask about treatment
Turkey · 13–24 of 25 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Levent KaptanogluLevent Kaptanoglu VM Medical Park Pendik Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1992

 Ask about treatment
Mehmet Akif AydinMehmet Akif Aydin Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Throat cancer operation; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1998

 Ask about treatment
Selin KapanSelin Kapan İstinye University Liv Hospital Topkapı

Istanbul, Turkey

 Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Lumpectomy; Whipple surgery; Orchiectomy; Lung cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Throat cancer operation; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1995

 Ask about treatment
Mehmet SaydamMehmet Saydam Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Mastectomy; Breast cancer surgery; Rectal resection

In practice since 2001

 Ask about treatment
Alaettin CelikAlaettin Celik Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Nephrectomy; Bladder removal; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection

In practice since 1977

 Ask about treatment
Abdulcabbar KartalAbdulcabbar Kartal Anadolu Medical Center

Istanbul, Turkey

 Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Esophagectomy; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2007

 Ask about treatment
Kivanc Derya PekerKivanc Derya Peker Hisar Hospital Intercontinental

Istanbul, Turkey

 Thyroid resection; Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2004

 Ask about treatment
Murat CakarMurat Cakar Valued Med Hub Hospitals

Istanbul, Turkey

 Small intestine resection; Liver resection; Rectal resection

In practice since 2010

 Ask about treatment
Vafi AtalayVafi Atalay Anadolu Medical Center

Istanbul, Turkey

 Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 2004

 Ask about treatment
Volkan KinasVolkan Kinas Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International)

Istanbul, Turkey

 Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Liver resection; Rectal resection

In practice since 2015

 Ask about treatment
Hanifi OnalanHanifi Onalan Atlas University Hospital

Istanbul, Turkey

 Thyroid resection; Small intestine resection; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1999

 Ask about treatment
Ibrahim AliosmanogluIbrahim Aliosmanoglu Medical Park Antalya Hospital Complex

Antalya, Turkey

 Whipple surgery; Liver resection; Removal of meningioma; Rectal resection; Removal of testicle tumor

In practice since 2003

 Ask about treatment
Turkey · 25–25 of 25 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Yasir GozuYasir Gozu Avrupa Cerrahi Proctology Center

Istanbul, Turkey

 Rectal resection

In practice since 2002

 Ask about treatment
Germany · 6 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Viola FoxViola Fox Medical Center in Solingen

Solingen, Germany

 Mastectomy; Thyroid resection; Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Prostatectomy; Melanoma surgery; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Robotic da Vinci prostatectomy; Breast cancer surgery; Hysterectomy (uterus removal); Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Hysterectomy with DaVinci robot; Lung cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Removal of meningioma; Rectal resection; Removal of testicle tumor; Throat cancer operation; Tongue cancer surgery; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery; Bladder removal with reconstruction; Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

In practice since 2012

 Ask about treatment
Manuela SeifertManuela Seifert Medical Center in Solingen

Solingen, Germany

 Mastectomy; Removal of colon cancer; Breast cancer surgery; Lumpectomy

In practice since 2000

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Peter SchenkerPeter Schenker Medical Center in Solingen

Solingen, Germany

 Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Lumpectomy; Whipple surgery; Mohs microsurgery; Lung cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2007

 Ask about treatment
Wolfgang SchröderWolfgang Schröder Helios Gesundheit

Wuppertal, Germany

 Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Nephrectomy; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Lumpectomy; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Mohs microsurgery; Lung cancer surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Throat cancer operation; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2001

 Ask about treatment
Florian Gebauer Chief Of General And Visceral SurgeryFlorian Gebauer Chief Of General And Visceral Surgery Helios Gesundheit

Wuppertal, Germany

 Small intestine resection; Whipple surgery; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2008

 Ask about treatment
Lars BönickeLars Bönicke Helios Gesundheit

Wuppertal, Germany

 Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Esophagectomy; Small intestine resection; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Whipple surgery; Orchiectomy; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection

In practice since 2011

 Ask about treatment
Austria · 1 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Thomas Bachleitner-HofmannThomas Bachleitner-Hofmann Confraternitaet & Goldenes Kreuz Private Clinic

Vienna, Austria

 Removal of colon cancer; Small intestine resection; Breast cancer surgery; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection

In practice since 2001

 Ask about treatment
Spain · 4 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Xavier Centeno ForniesXavier Centeno Fornies Centro Médico Teknon

Barcelona, Spain

 Nephrectomy; Small intestine resection; Hysterectomy (uterus removal); Lumpectomy; Whipple surgery; Bladder removal; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Removal of testicle tumor; Throat cancer operation; Gastroectomy; Pancreatic cancer surgery; Bladder removal with reconstruction

In practice since 1994

 Ask about treatment
Cesar Canales BedoyaCesar Canales Bedoya Hospital Ruber Internacional

Madrid, Spain

 Nephrectomy; Small intestine resection; Lumpectomy; Bladder removal; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 1950

 Ask about treatment
Domenico SabiaDomenico Sabia Centro Médico Teknon

Barcelona, Spain

 Removal of colon cancer; Small intestine resection; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection

In practice since 2002

 Ask about treatment
Carlos Garcia VasquezCarlos Garcia Vasquez Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology Specialist Centro PAD

Madrid, Spain

 Removal of liver cancer; Removal of colon cancer; Stomach cancer surgery; Da Vinci Robotic System; Small intestine resection; Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC); Colectomy (large bowel resection); Liver resection; Rectal resection; Gastroectomy

In practice since 2006

 Ask about treatment
Italy · 1 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Riccardo RosatiRiccardo Rosati San Raffaele

Milan, Italy

 Stomach cancer surgery; Small intestine resection; Colectomy (large bowel resection); Rectal resection; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 1985

 Ask about treatment
Thailand · 1 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Doctor Puttapong SerttikulDoctor Puttapong Serttikul Intrarat Hospital

Bangkok, Thailand

 Rectal resection

In practice since 2007

 Ask about treatment
Republic of Korea · 1 entries
Specialist Clinic Operations and experience Ask about treatment
Park SundoPark Sundo NAEUN HOSPITAL

Incheon, Republic of Korea

 Colectomy (large bowel resection); Removal of meningioma; Pancreatic cancer surgery

In practice since 2000

 Ask about treatment
Sources (47)

Programmes and prices

Robotic Surgery Center in St. Zdislava Hospital · 1 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Da Vinci Robotic Colorectal Resection Surgery Robotic Surgery Center in St. Zdislava Hospital USD 14032Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Da Vinci Robotic Colorectal Resection Surgery

Included: Colonoscopy

Included: Removal of colon cancer

Included: Individual chamber

Included: Transfer airport-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 10 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: Single superior chamber with a bathroom, internet and television. 5 meals per day. Drinks are included in the price. Medical concierge service during examinations, consultations and surgeries

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 12500.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 14032; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Centro Médico Teknon · 4 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Rectal Resection with Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Technique — JCI-Accredited Hospital Centro Médico Teknon USD 17942Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Rectal Resection with Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Technique — JCI-Accredited Hospital

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Preoperative tests

Included: Medications

Included: Follow-up examination

Included: Hospitalization

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Transfer is not included

Stay: 5 days in the hospital

Stay: 14 days in the hotel

Additional source terms: Diagnostics: Not included in the package. Preoperative tests and staging examinations may be required depending on the diagnosis and previous medical records. Possible diagnostics if needed: Colorectal surgery consultation Blood tests and coagulation profile ECG Anesthesiology consultation Colonoscopy, if not yet performed Biopsy / pathology review Pelvic MRI CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis PET-CT, if oncological staging is required Also includes: Laparoscopic rectal resection Surgeon’s fee Medical team fees General anesthesia Operating room fee Medications used during hospitalization Consumable materials 5 nights of hospitalization Nursing care during hospital stay Postoperative monitoring Basic postoperative medical control Initial recovery recommendations before discharge Implant: No implant applicable This package is designed for patients who require rectal resection using a minimally invasive laparoscopic approach. The operation is performed through small incisions, which may help reduce surgical trauma, postoperative pain, and recovery time compared with open surgery. The package includes the surgical procedure, general anesthesia, medical team fees, operating room use, medications and consumable materials used during hospitalization, as well as 5 nights in the hospital for postoperative monitoring and recovery. The program is suitable for patients with rectal tumors, selected benign rectal disease, complex polyps, or other conditions where the colorectal surgeon confirms that rectal resection is medically indicated. The final surgical plan depends on the patient’s diagnosis, tumor location if oncological, previous examinations, general health condition, and whether additional treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, stoma formation, or extended lymph node dissection is required.

Additional charges: Diagnostics: Not included in the package. Preoperative tests and staging examinations may be required depending on the diagnosis and previous medical records. Possible diagnostics if needed: Colorectal surgery consultation Blood tests and coagulation profile ECG Anesthesiology consultation Colonoscopy, if not yet performed Biopsy / pathology review Pelvic MRI CT scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis PET-CT, if oncological staging is required Also includes: Laparoscopic rectal resection Surgeon’s fee Medical team fees General anesthesia Operating room fee Medications used during hospitalization Consumable materials 5 nights of hospitalization Nursing care during hospital stay Postoperative monitoring Basic postoperative medical control Initial recovery recommendations before discharge Implant: No implant applicable This package is designed for patients who require rectal resection using a minimally invasive laparoscopic approach. The operation is performed through small incisions, which may help reduce surgical trauma, postoperative pain, and recovery time compared with open surgery. The package includes the surgical procedure, general anesthesia, medical team fees, operating room use, medications and consumable materials used during hospitalization, as well as 5 nights in the hospital for postoperative monitoring and recovery. The program is suitable for patients with rectal tumors, selected benign rectal disease, complex polyps, or other conditions where the colorectal surgeon confirms that rectal resection is medically indicated. The final surgical plan depends on the patient’s diagnosis, tumor location if oncological, previous examinations, general health condition, and whether additional treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, stoma formation, or extended lymph node dissection is required.

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 16000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 17942; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.
  • Subject: Stay; How the programme is displayed: Stay lengths use the units in the Duration section; nights in the page title are not converted to days.; Page title: Rectal resection in Spain: Price & 14-Night All-Inclusive Package

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Rectal surgery, leading specialist Dr.Centeno Centro Médico Teknon USD 6728.27Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Rectal surgery, leading specialist Dr.Centeno

Included: Rectal resection

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 6000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 6728.27; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Hemorrhoids treatment, leading surgeon Dr. Centeno Centro Médico Teknon USD 6728.27Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Hemorrhoids treatment, leading surgeon Dr. Centeno

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 6000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 6728.27; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (Minimally Invasive) PIPAC Centro Médico Teknon USD 22427.56Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Pressurized Intraperitoneal Aerosol Chemotherapy (Minimally Invasive) PIPAC

Included: Removal of colon cancer

Included: Stomach cancer surgery

Included: Pancreatic cancer surgery

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 2 days in the hospital

Stay: 7 days in the hotel

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 20000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 22427.56; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.
  • Subject: Stay; How the programme is displayed: Stay lengths use the units in the Duration section; nights in the page title are not converted to days.; Page title: Stomach cancer surgery in Spain: Price & 7-Night All-Inclusive Package

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VM Medical Park Pendik Hospital · 1 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Laparoscopic Subtotal Colectomy Package | Expert Care for Complex Gastrointestinal Conditions VM Medical Park Pendik Hospital USD 15000Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Laparoscopic Subtotal Colectomy Package | Expert Care for Complex Gastrointestinal Conditions

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Included: CT Scan

Included: Follow-up examination

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: Consultation with a gastroenterologist

Included: Follow-up visit

Included: Full board (breakfast+lunch+dinner+drinks)

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: Restore Digestive Health with Confidence – Colectomy Surgery Package If you’re facing chronic bowel disease, colon cancer, or complications like diverticulitis, our Colectomy Surgery offers a safe and effective solution to protect your long-term digestive health. This procedure involves the partial or complete removal of the colon, depending on your medical needs, and is performed by expert colorectal surgeons using either open or minimally invasive (laparoscopic) techniques. Our package includes a full pre-operative assessment, imaging (CT/MRI), surgical procedure, 5–7 day hospital stay in a private room, post-operative monitoring, and nutritional care during recovery. From the moment you arrive, you’ll be supported with VIP airport–hotel–hospital transfers and multilingual care coordination, ensuring a smooth and fully guided treatment experience. Take the next step toward relief and recovery—expert surgical care, from diagnosis to healing.

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Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International) · 1 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Robotic Colon Cancer Removal — All-Inclusive Package with 4-Night Hotel Stay Büyük Anadolu Hospitals (BAH International) USD 16000Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Robotic Colon Cancer Removal — All-Inclusive Package with 4-Night Hotel Stay

Included: Removal of colon cancer

Included: Consultation with an oncologist

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: Complete blood count (CBC)

Included: Biochemistry blood test

Included: Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Included: Chest X-ray

Included: Abdominal and pelvic CT

Included: PET/CT

Included: Ultrasound

Included: Follow-up examination

Included: Post-operative care

Included: 3 meals per day by nutritionist

Included: 24-hr nurse services

Included: 4* Hotel

Included: VIP transfer (premium vehicle service, all transfers between airport, hotel and clinic)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 6 days in the hospital

Stay: 4 days in the hotel

Additional source terms: Performed by expert colorectal & oncologic surgeons with thousands of successful cases Laparoscopic or open colectomy options for faster recovery and less pain Comprehensive pre-operative evaluation (CT/MRI, bloodwork, anesthesia consultation) Full hospital stay included (5–7 days, private room with companion) Personalized postoperative oncology plan based on pathology Advanced pathology analysis with rapid reporting Dedicated international patient coordinator available 24/7 Affordable price compared to UK/EU without compromising quality Free online consultation + medical second opinion before arrival Airport–hotel–hospital transfers included

Source differences

  • Subject: Stay; How the programme is displayed: Stay lengths use the units in the Duration section; nights in the page title are not converted to days.; Page title: Removal of colon cancer in Turkey: Price & 4-Night All-Inclusive Package

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VM Medical Park Florya Hospital · 2 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
.. VM Medical Park Florya Hospital USD 15000Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

..

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Excluded: Transfer is not included

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Resection + anastomosis. VM Medical Park Florya Hospital USD 13900Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Resection + anastomosis.

Included: Removal of colon cancer

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Excluded: Transfer is not included

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Anadolu Medical Center · 5 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
LAPAROSCOPIC LOW ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER Exclusively performed at Anadolu Medical Center Develope Anadolu Medical Center USD 29800Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

LAPAROSCOPIC LOW ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER Exclusively performed at Anadolu Medical Center Develope

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: General anesthesia

Included: Blood tests

Included: Medical Examination for pre-operation

Included: Post-op medications

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer airport-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 15 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER ADVANCED MINIMALLY INVASIVE COLORECTAL SURGERY EXCLUSIVELY AVAILABLE AT Anadolu Medical Center – Developed and performed by Prof. Vafi Atalay About the WAFI Procedure The WAFI Procedure is an innovative surgical concept designed to protect the colorectal anastomosis following surgery for rectal and colorectal cancers. After the diseased portion of the intestine or rectum is removed, intestinal continuity is restored by creating a colorectal anastomosis. To protect this surgical connection during the critical healing phase, the WAFI technique uses a controlled tube-based ileostomy diversion system. This system temporarily diverts intestinal contents away from the anastomosis, helping reduce the risk of complications while maintaining bowel continuity. Unlike conventional diversion techniques that require the creation of a stoma and a second operation for closure, the WAFI system allows temporary diversion through a tube-based mechanism that can be removed once healing is complete. The procedure can be performed using laparoscopic or robot-assisted minimally invasive colorectal surgery, allowing precise oncologic resection while minimizing surgical trauma and supporting faster postoperative recovery. This specialized surgical approach is exclusively performed at Anadolu Medical Center. LAPAROSCOPIC LOW ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER – by Prof. Vafi Atalay Procedure Includes Low anterior resection WAFI procedure with full diversion tube ileostomy Laparoscopic minimally invasive colorectal surgery Hospital Stay Average 14 days hospitalization (including 1 day intensive care unit stay) Clinical Information Standard pathological examination Postoperative monitoring in the intensive care unit

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“ROBOTIC LOW ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED AT Anadolu Medical Center DEVELOPED AN Anadolu Medical Center USD 32600Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

“ROBOTIC LOW ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED AT Anadolu Medical Center DEVELOPED AN

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Included: Da Vinci Robotic System

Included: Robotic low anterior resection (LAR)

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: General anesthesia

Included: Medical Examination for pre-operation

Included: Post-op medications

Included: Blood tests

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer airport-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 15 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER ADVANCED MINIMALLY INVASIVE COLORECTAL SURGERY EXCLUSIVELY AVAILABLE AT Anadolu Medical Center – Developed and performed by Prof. Vafi Atalay About the WAFI Procedure The WAFI Procedure is an innovative surgical concept designed to protect the colorectal anastomosis following surgery for rectal and colorectal cancers. After the diseased portion of the intestine or rectum is removed, intestinal continuity is restored by creating a colorectal anastomosis. To protect this surgical connection during the critical healing phase, the WAFI technique uses a controlled tube-based ileostomy diversion system. This system temporarily diverts intestinal contents away from the anastomosis, helping reduce the risk of complications while maintaining bowel continuity. Unlike conventional diversion techniques that require the creation of a stoma and a second operation for closure, the WAFI system allows temporary diversion through a tube-based mechanism that can be removed once healing is complete. The procedure can be performed using laparoscopic or robot-assisted minimally invasive colorectal surgery, allowing precise oncologic resection while minimizing surgical trauma and supporting faster postoperative recovery. This specialized surgical approach is exclusively performed at Anadolu Medical Center. ROBOTIC LOW ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER – by Prof. Vafi Atalay Procedure Includes Low anterior resection WAFI procedure with full diversion tube ileostomy Robot-assisted colorectal surgery Hospital Stay Average 14 days hospitalization (including 1 day intensive care unit stay) Clinical Information Standard pathological examination Postoperative monitoring in the intensive care unit

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LAPAROSCOPIC ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED AT Anadolu Medical Center DEVELOP Anadolu Medical Center USD 38000Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

LAPAROSCOPIC ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED AT Anadolu Medical Center DEVELOP

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Resection of large intestine

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: Post-op medications

Included: Blood tests

Included: General anesthesia

Included: Medical Examination for pre-operation

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer airport-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 13 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER ADVANCED MINIMALLY INVASIVE COLORECTAL SURGERY EXCLUSIVELY AVAILABLE AT Anadolu Medical Center – Developed and performed by Prof. Vafi Atalay About the WAFI Procedure The WAFI Procedure is an innovative surgical concept designed to protect the colorectal anastomosis following surgery for rectal and colorectal cancers. After the diseased portion of the intestine or rectum is removed, intestinal continuity is restored by creating a colorectal anastomosis. To protect this surgical connection during the critical healing phase, the WAFI technique uses a controlled tube-based ileostomy diversion system. This system temporarily diverts intestinal contents away from the anastomosis, helping reduce the risk of complications while maintaining bowel continuity. Unlike conventional diversion techniques that require the creation of a stoma and a second operation for closure, the WAFI system allows temporary diversion through a tube-based mechanism that can be removed once healing is complete. The procedure can be performed using laparoscopic or robot-assisted minimally invasive colorectal surgery, allowing precise oncologic resection while minimizing surgical trauma and supporting faster postoperative recovery. This specialized surgical approach is exclusively performed at Anadolu Medical Center. LAPAROSCOPIC ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH POSSIBLE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER – by Prof. Vafi Atalay Procedure Includes Anterior resection Laparoscopic minimally invasive colorectal surgery Possible WAFI procedure depending on surgical indication Hospital Stay Average 12 days hospitalization (including 1 day intensive care unit stay) Clinical Information Standard pathological examination Postoperative monitoring in the intensive care unit

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ROBOTIC ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH POSSIBLE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED AT Anadolu Medical Center DEVELOPED AN Anadolu Medical Center USD 33000Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

ROBOTIC ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH POSSIBLE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER EXCLUSIVELY PERFORMED AT Anadolu Medical Center DEVELOPED AN

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Resection of large intestine

Included: Robotic low anterior resection (LAR)

Included: Da Vinci Robotic System

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: General anesthesia

Included: Blood tests

Included: Medical Examination for pre-operation

Included: Post-op medications

Included: Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer airport-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 13 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: THE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER ADVANCED MINIMALLY INVASIVE COLORECTAL SURGERY EXCLUSIVELY AVAILABLE AT Anadolu Medical Center – Developed and performed by Prof. Vafi Atalay About the WAFI Procedure The WAFI Procedure is an innovative surgical concept designed to protect the colorectal anastomosis following surgery for rectal and colorectal cancers. After the diseased portion of the intestine or rectum is removed, intestinal continuity is restored by creating a colorectal anastomosis. ROBOTIC ANTERIOR RESECTION WITH POSSIBLE WAFI PROCEDURE FOR RECTAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER – by Prof. Vafi Atalay Procedure Includes Anterior resection Robot-assisted minimally invasive colorectal surgery Possible WAFI procedure depending on surgical indication Hospital Stay Average 12 days hospitalization (including 1 day intensive care unit stay) Clinical Information Standard pathological examination Postoperative monitoring in the intensive care unit To protect this surgical connection during the critical healing phase, the WAFI technique uses a controlled tube-based ileostomy diversion system. This system temporarily diverts intestinal contents away from the anastomosis, helping reduce the risk of complications while maintaining bowel continuity. Unlike conventional diversion techniques that require the creation of a stoma and a second operation for closure, the WAFI system allows temporary diversion through a tube-based mechanism that can be removed once healing is complete. The procedure can be performed using laparoscopic or robot-assisted minimally invasive colorectal surgery, allowing precise oncologic resection while minimizing surgical trauma and supporting faster postoperative recovery. This specialized surgical approach is exclusively performed at Anadolu Medical Center.

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LAPAROSCOPIC LEFT HEMICOLECTOMY – MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY FOR LEFT-SIDED COLON CANCER Anadolu Medical Center USD 20600Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

LAPAROSCOPIC LEFT HEMICOLECTOMY – MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY FOR LEFT-SIDED COLON CANCER

Included: Hemicolectomy

Included: Da Vinci Robotic System

Included: Removal of colon cancer

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: General anesthesia

Included: Blood tests

Included: Medical Examination for pre-operation

Included: Post-op medications

Included: Electrocardiogram (ECG)

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer airport-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 11 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: LAPAROSCOPIC LEFT HEMICOLECTOMY – MINIMALLY INVASIVE REMOVAL OF THE LEFT COLON Laparoscopic left hemicolectomy provides an effective minimally invasive treatment option for diseases affecting the left colon. The laparoscopic approach allows surgeons to perform precise colorectal surgery through small incisions while minimizing surgical trauma and supporting faster recovery. PROCEDURE DESCRIPTION Laparoscopic left hemicolectomy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure involving the removal of the left portion of the colon using advanced laparoscopic techniques. Small incisions are used to insert surgical instruments and a camera, allowing surgeons to perform the procedure with high precision. After removal of the affected colon segment, the remaining parts of the intestine are reconnected to restore digestive continuity. WHAT’S INCLUDED The treatment package includes: • Laparoscopic left hemicolectomy surgery • One surgical assistant during the operation • Pre-operative anesthesiology evaluation and routine anesthesia tests • Operating room services and surgical team • All procedure-related surgical materials and medications • Daily physician visits during hospitalization • Approximately 10 days inpatient hospital stay (including 1 day ICU monitoring) • Accommodation for one accompanying person • Standard pathological examination of the surgical specimen

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Navamin 9 Hospital · 2 entries
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Colonoscopy Navamin 9 Hospital USD 810Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Colonoscopy

Included: Colonoscopy

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Excluded: Transfer is not included

Stay: 1 days in the hospital

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Colonoscopy Navamin 9 Hospital USD 810Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Colonoscopy

Included: Colonoscopy

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Excluded: Transfer is not included

Stay: 1 days in the hospital

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Memorial Göztepe Hospital · 2 entries
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Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor Memorial Göztepe Hospital USD 28120Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors Memorial Göztepe Hospital USD 29800Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Memorial Şişli Hospital · 3 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor Memorial Şişli Hospital USD 28120Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors Memorial Şişli Hospital USD 29800Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Memorial Şişli Hospital USD 2994Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Included: Rectal resection

Included: VIP transfer (premium vehicle service, all transfers between airport, hotel and clinic)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 3 days in the hospital

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Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital · 2 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital USD 28120Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors Memorial Bahçelievler Hospital USD 29800Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Memorial Ataşehir Hospital · 2 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor Memorial Ataşehir Hospital USD 28120Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Abdominoperineal Resection for Rectal Tumor

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors Memorial Ataşehir Hospital USD 29800Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Intersphincteric Resection for Rectal Tumors

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Transfer airport-hotel-clinic-airport

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Stay: 7 days in the hospital

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Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology Specialist Centro PAD · 4 entries
Public programme Clinic Recorded price Programme details Request a quote
Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology Specialist Centro PAD USD 10092.4Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Excluded: Accommodation is not included

Excluded: Transfer is not included

Stay: 4 days in the hospital

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 9000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 10092.4; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Laparoscopic Colectomy with Da Vinci option by request Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology Specialist Centro PAD USD 9261Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Laparoscopic Colectomy with Da Vinci option by request

Included: Removal of colon cancer

Included: 3 meals per day by nutritionist

Included: 24-hr nurse services

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: Consultation with a surgeon

Included: VIP Room

Included: Transfer to the clinic

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 5 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: Your surgeon is always Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez: he personally performs every surgery, and the surgeon who assesses you is the surgeon who operates on you. Comprehensive Minimally Invasive Colectomy Care Package This surgical program provides specialized, minimally invasive resection for benign and malignant colorectal conditions. Designed to reduce surgical trauma, minimize pain, and accelerate recovery, our surgical oncology team employs low-impact laparoscopic techniques, with the added option to utilize advanced robotic-assisted technology. What the Package Includes Pre-Surgical Evaluation & Multidisciplinary Assessment: Comprehensive consultation, clinical review, and staging assessment with a specialized colorectal/oncological surgeon. Pre-anesthesia clearance, risk stratification, and personalized preoperative optimization plan. Dedicated surgical coordinator support and patient orientation. Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedure: Low-Impact Laparoscopic Colectomy: Advanced laparoscopic resection (hemicolectomy, sigmoidectomy, or subtotal colectomy as indicated) designed to optimize cosmetic outcomes, reduce tissue trauma, and facilitate early bowel function return. Complete surgical, anesthesia, and circulating nursing team fees. Operating room access, standard laparoscopy tower use, and specialized surgical consumables/stapling devices. Inpatient Stay & Immediate Postoperative Care: Inpatient stay in a private hospital room following Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols. Dedicated nursing care, vital signs monitoring, pain management protocols, and routine postoperative lab work. Daily rounds and surgical management by the lead surgical team until clinical discharge. Discharge planning, comprehensive surgical report, and immediate post-discharge follow-up within 30 days (wound check, drain/suture removal, and recovery assessment). Premium Robotic Option (Da Vinci® Surgical System) Robotic-Assisted Colectomy Upgrade: For patients desiring enhanced surgical precision, 3D high-definition visualization, and wristed instrumentation, the procedure can be performed utilizing the Da Vinci® Robotic Surgical System. Note: This upgrade entails an additional equipment and console fee; it can be integrated directly into your personalized package upon request. Exclusions Long-term medical oncology therapies (systemic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation regimens). Long-term oncological surveillance, follow-up imaging (e.g., outpatient CT/MRI/colonoscopy beyond the 30-day surgical window), and subsequent outpatient oncology visits. Treatment for preexisting unmanaged comorbidities, unanticipated extended ICU stays, or major readmissions beyond the defined surgical scope.

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 11000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 9261; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Robotic Da Vinci Rectal Cancer Surgery (TME) – Premium Package Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology Specialist Centro PAD USD 12629Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Robotic Da Vinci Rectal Cancer Surgery (TME) – Premium Package

Included: Rectal resection

Included: Da Vinci Robotic System

Included: Laparoscopic mesorectumrctonomy

Included: 24-hr nurse services

Included: Consultation with a surgeon

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer to the clinic

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 5 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: Your surgeon is always Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez: he personally performs every surgery, and the surgeon who assesses you is the surgeon who operates on you. Robotic Da Vinci surgery for rectal cancer (low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision), performed by Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez, colorectal and robotic surgeon with Da Vinci Xi colorectal training, at HLA Moncloa University Hospital, Madrid (recognized among the World’s Best Smart Hospitals 2023 by Newsweek). The package includes pre-operative consultation with the surgeon and anesthesia assessment, the robotic surgery, 5 nights in hospital with 24-hour nursing care, and post-operative surgical follow-up. Hotel–clinic transfer included. Hotel accommodation is not included. Each case is reviewed individually before travel; an online consultation is available in advance. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and staging tests are not included.

Additional charges: Your surgeon is always Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez: he personally performs every surgery, and the surgeon who assesses you is the surgeon who operates on you. Robotic Da Vinci surgery for rectal cancer (low anterior resection with total mesorectal excision), performed by Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez, colorectal and robotic surgeon with Da Vinci Xi colorectal training, at HLA Moncloa University Hospital, Madrid (recognized among the World’s Best Smart Hospitals 2023 by Newsweek). The package includes pre-operative consultation with the surgeon and anesthesia assessment, the robotic surgery, 5 nights in hospital with 24-hour nursing care, and post-operative surgical follow-up. Hotel–clinic transfer included. Hotel accommodation is not included. Each case is reviewed individually before travel; an online consultation is available in advance. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and staging tests are not included.

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 15000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 12629; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy (Sigmoid Colon Resection) – Premium Package Digestive Surgery and Gastroenterology Specialist Centro PAD USD 9261Bookimed offer, Oct 2026
What the programme includes

Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy (Sigmoid Colon Resection) – Premium Package

Included: Colectomy (large bowel resection)

Included: 24-hr nurse services

Included: Blood tests

Included: Consultation with an anesthesiologist

Included: Consultation with a surgeon

Included: Hospitalization

Included: Transfer to the clinic

Excluded: Airfare

Excluded: Hotel

Excluded: Additional activities not included

Stay: 5 days in the hospital

Additional source terms: Your surgeon is always Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez: he personally performs every surgery, and the surgeon who assesses you is the surgeon who operates on you. Minimally invasive sigmoidectomy (sigmoid colon resection) for sigmoid cancer, polyps not suitable for endoscopic removal or complicated diverticular disease, performed by Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez, colorectal and robotic surgeon, at HLA Moncloa University Hospital, Madrid (recognized among the World’s Best Smart Hospitals 2023 by Newsweek). Laparoscopic approach, with robotic Da Vinci surgery available on request at an additional cost. The package includes pre-operative consultation with the surgeon and anesthesia assessment, the surgery, 5 nights in hospital with 24-hour nursing care, and post-operative surgical follow-up. Hotel–clinic transfer included. Hotel accommodation is not included. Online consultation available before travelling.

Additional charges: Your surgeon is always Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez: he personally performs every surgery, and the surgeon who assesses you is the surgeon who operates on you. Minimally invasive sigmoidectomy (sigmoid colon resection) for sigmoid cancer, polyps not suitable for endoscopic removal or complicated diverticular disease, performed by Dr. Carlos Garcia Vasquez, colorectal and robotic surgeon, at HLA Moncloa University Hospital, Madrid (recognized among the World’s Best Smart Hospitals 2023 by Newsweek). Laparoscopic approach, with robotic Da Vinci surgery available on request at an additional cost. The package includes pre-operative consultation with the surgeon and anesthesia assessment, the surgery, 5 nights in hospital with 24-hour nursing care, and post-operative surgical follow-up. Hotel–clinic transfer included. Hotel accommodation is not included. Online consultation available before travelling.

Source differences

  • Catalogue price: Amount: 11000.0; Currency: EUR; Subject: Price; Public programme price: Amount: 9261; Currency: USD; How the programme is displayed: The price shown on the public programme page is used.

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Sources (29)

References and further reading

  1. Colorectal surgery surgeons
  2. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with radiation dose escalation with contact x-ray brachytherapy boost or external beam radiotherapy boost for organ preservation in early cT2-cT3 rectal adenocarcinoma (OPERA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial.
  3. Long-term outcomes of patients treated with contact X-ray brachytherapy and external beam (chemo)radiotherapy following local excision of rectal adenocarcinoma.
  4. Minimally invasive complete mesocolic excision versus conventional right hemicolectomy for right-sided colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  5. Complete mesocolic excision for right hemicolectomy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
  6. Complete mesocolic excision versus conventional hemicolectomy in patients with right colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  7. Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Combined with Cytoreductive Surgery and Systemic Therapy Improves Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer with Peritoneal Metastases: An Updated Meta-Analysis.
  8. Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus transanal endoscopic surgery in rectal neoplasms: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and trial sequential analysis.
  9. Long-term Outcomes of Primary Endoscopic Resection vs Surgery for T1 Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
  10. Effect of hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy on patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  11. Prophylactic Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  12. Robotic versus laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
  13. Resection quality and oncologic outcomes after robotic versus laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials.
  14. Comparing efficacy and safety of transanal vs. laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for middle and low rectal cancer: Updated meta-analysis.
  15. A systematic review and meta-analysis of minimally invasive total mesorectal excision versus transanal total mesorectal excision for mid and low rectal cancer.
  16. Integrated perioperative host-response optimization improves functional recovery and survival after ultra-low anterior resection: A randomized controlled trial.
  17. Systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term oncological outcomes of lateral lymph node dissection for metastatic nodes after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer.
  18. Meta-analysis of survival and functional outcomes after total mesorectal excision with or without lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in rectal cancer surgery.
  19. A Comparison of Five-Year Survival Rates Between Thermal Ablation and Hepatic Resection for Colorectal Cancer Metastasis to the Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  20. The prognosis of radiofrequency ablation versus hepatic resection for patients with colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis based on 22 studies.
  21. Repeat hepatectomy justified in patients with early recurrence of colorectal cancer liver metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  22. Oncological outcomes of local excision versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer in the context of staging and surveillance: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  23. Trans‑anal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) versus rigid platforms for local excision of early rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature.
  24. Stereotactic ablative brachytherapy versus percutaneous microwave ablation as salvage treatments for lung oligometastasis from colorectal cancer.
  25. Comparison of Microwave and Radiofrequency Ablation in the Treatment of Pulmonary Metastasis of Colorectal Cancer.
  26. Long-term outcomes of ultrasound-guided percutaneous microwave ablation versus resection for colorectal cancer liver metastases: a propensity-score matched study.
  27. Management of Responsive Lateral Pelvic Nodes After Neoadjuvant Therapy in Rectal Cancer (RESPONDER).
  28. Laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer: individual patient data meta-analysis of the ALaCaRT and Z6051 randomized trials.
  29. Short- and long-term outcomes of minimally invasive vs. open pelvic exenteration in rectal tumours: a focused meta-analysis.
  30. Robotic versus Laparoscopic Liver Resections for Colorectal Metastases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
  31. Impact of distal resection margin on survival after tumour-specific mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: retrospective cohort study.
  32. Partial mesorectal excision can be a primary option for middle rectal cancer: a propensity score-matched retrospective analysis.
  33. Incidental Dysplasia During Total Proctocolectomy With Ileoanal Pouch: Is It Associated With Worse Outcomes?
  34. Outcome of incidental versus preoperatively diagnosed colorectal cancer during total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for inflammatory bowel disease.
  35. To Explore the Efficacy and Safety of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiation Therapy in Locally Advanced Colon Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
  36. Neoadjuvant short-course radiotherapy with consolidation chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  37. Survival of hepatectomy in colorectal cancer patients with ten or more liver metastases: a retrospective cohort study of multidisciplinary treatment.
  38. KangDuo surgical robot KD-SR-01 versus da Vinci Xi in robot-assisted colorectal cancer resection: oncologic outcomes at three years in a multicenter randomized trial.
  39. Target trial on the outcomes of laparoscopic compared to robotic-assisted proctectomy in stage II-III rectal cancer.
  40. Segmental versus extended colectomy for colorectal cancer in patients with lynch syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  41. Comparison of survival outcomes between laparoscopic and open colectomy for transverse colon cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  42. Long-term outcomes of single-incision laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer, a single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial.
  43. Long-term outcomes of single-incision plus one-port laparoscopic surgery versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for rectosigmoid cancer: a randomized controlled trial.
  44. Short-term Outcomes of Single-port Versus Multiport Laparoscopic Surgery for Colon Cancer: The SIMPLE Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial.
  45. Outcomes of Response-Based Watch-and-Wait and Surgical Management After Total Neoadjuvant Therapy for Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
  46. Oncologic outcomes of watch-and-wait strategy or surgery for low to intermediate rectal cancer in clinical complete remission after adjuvant chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
  47. Whether the watch-and-wait strategy has application value for rectal cancer with clinical complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy? A network meta-analysis.
  48. Total neoadjuvant therapy versus standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term outcomes.
  49. A systematic review and meta-analysis of oncological outcomes with transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer.
  50. Outcomes of open vs laparoscopic vs robotic vs transanal total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer: a network meta-analysis.
  51. Can transanal endoscopic microsurgery effectively treat T1 or T2 rectal cancer?A systematic review and meta-analysis.
  52. Survival outcomes associated with Lynch syndrome colorectal cancer and metachronous rate after subtotal/total versus segmental colectomy: Meta-analysis.

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