{"schema_version":"bookimed.page-context.v1","id":"heart-valve-surgery","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/heart-valve-surgery.json","index_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/index.json","full_dataset_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/content.json","content_revision":"source-driven-rankings-20261008","date_modified":"2026-10-08","language":"en","kind":"guide","title":"Heart valve surgery: repair, replacement and catheter options","summary":"Valve treatment can preserve a repairable valve, replace a damaged one or use a catheter-based approach. The cause of the valve problem determines which options can work; repair, TAVI and TEER are different treatments.","research_credit":{"name":"Yevhenii Kozlov","role":"Co-Founder of Bookimed","url":"https://us-uk.bookimed.com/ceo/kozlov/","contribution":"Research personally prepared and reviewed","assistance":"AI tools assisted source research."},"editorial_scope":"Source-based patient information; an individual treatment plan requires clinical review.","research_method":"How this guide is researched and compared Research project led by Yevhenii Kozlov . We link clinical guidance, primary studies and named hospital or offer sources beside the relevant statements. Comparisons distinguish individual operators from programme results and preserve the study population, follow-up and limitations. Prices are dated examples with their stated scope. Research and editorial preparation are separate from clinical review; no named clinician has medically reviewed this edition. Bookimed provides care coordination. Partner and reference programmes are identified from their sources; paid ordering is not used in our published-cohort comparison. Read the editorial policy .","key_takeaways":[{"label":"Repair preserves your own valve","text":"Durable repair is preferred for suitable severe degenerative mitral regurgitation requiring intervention.","sources":["C03"]},{"label":"Mechanical and tissue valves differ","text":"Mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulation. Tissue valves can deteriorate and need another intervention.","sources":["C04"]},{"label":"TAVI usually means a shorter stay","text":"NHS guidance describes 2–3 hospital days after TAVI versus about a week after surgical replacement.","sources":["C08"]}],"benefits":[{"text":"Surgery can address a valve together with coronary or aortic disease; catheter options can reduce the initial recovery burden for suitable anatomy.","sources":["C03","C08"]}],"limitations":[{"text":"Every route has limitations: repair must be durable, replacement creates lifetime valve decisions, and catheter treatment may leave other surgical problems untreated.","sources":["C03","C04"]}],"sections":[{"id":"benefit-balance","title":"Benefits and trade-offs","text":"Benefits and trade-offs Potential advantages Surgery can address a valve together with coronary or aortic disease; catheter options can reduce the initial recovery burden for suitable anatomy. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · NHS: valve recovery Trade-offs and limits Every route has limitations: repair must be durable, replacement creates lifetime valve decisions, and catheter treatment may leave other surgical problems untreated. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · NHS: valve types","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"NHS: valve recovery","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/heart-valve-replacement/recovery/"},{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"NHS: valve types","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/heart-valve-replacement/how-its-done/"}]},{"id":"which-valve","title":"Go directly to your valve problem","text":"Go directly to your valve problem Mitral repair ↗ Aortic valve disease ↗ Valve infection ↗ Repeat surgery ↗ Mitral stenosis ↗ Tricuspid valve disease ↗","links":[{"label":"Mitral repair ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/mitral-valve-repair/"},{"label":"Aortic valve disease ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/aortic-valve-disease/"},{"label":"Valve infection ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/endocarditis-surgery/"},{"label":"Repeat surgery ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/repeat-heart-surgery/"},{"label":"Mitral stenosis ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/mitral-stenosis/"},{"label":"Tricuspid valve disease ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/tricuspid-valve-disease/"}]},{"id":"repair","title":"Mitral valve repair or replacement: what matters?","text":"Mitral valve repair or replacement: what matters? For severe degenerative mitral regurgitation requiring intervention, repair is preferred when a durable reconstruction is feasible. Preserving the native valve avoids a replacement prosthesis, but the chance of repair depends on the specific lesion. Secondary regurgitation caused by heart-muscle or chamber changes follows a different pathway. Optimized heart-failure treatment and selected catheter interventions may be relevant. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · UK Mini Mitral trial · JAMA (2023) · Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Center | Cleveland Clinic","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"UK Mini Mitral trial · JAMA (2023)","url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2805908"},{"label":"Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Center | Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/departments/heart/depts/mitral-and-tricuspid-valve-center"}]},{"id":"replacement","title":"Mechanical or tissue heart valve: key trade-offs","text":"Mechanical or tissue heart valve: key trade-offs Mechanical valves offer durability at the cost of lifelong anticoagulation. Tissue valves can deteriorate and may need another intervention. Other conditions can require blood thinners even with a tissue valve. Option Potential advantage Long-term trade-off Mechanical valve Long durability Lifelong anticoagulation and bleeding/monitoring burden Tissue valve No lifelong anticoagulation requirement solely because the valve is mechanical Structural deterioration and possible reintervention; medicines may still be needed for other reasons Repair Retains the native valve Feasibility and durability depend on the lesion and reconstruction Sources: NHS: valve types · ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","links":[{"label":"NHS: valve types","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/heart-valve-replacement/how-its-done/"},{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"}],"tables":[[["Option","Potential advantage","Long-term trade-off"],["Mechanical valve","Long durability","Lifelong anticoagulation and bleeding/monitoring burden"],["Tissue valve","No lifelong anticoagulation requirement solely because the valve is mechanical","Structural deterioration and possible reintervention; medicines may still be needed for other reasons"],["Repair","Retains the native valve","Feasibility and durability depend on the lesion and reconstruction"]]]},{"id":"tavi","title":"TAVI or surgical aortic valve replacement?","text":"TAVI or surgical aortic valve replacement? TAVI places a replacement aortic valve using a catheter. Surgical aortic valve replacement removes and replaces the valve during an operation. The choice includes the valve and access anatomy, other disease, life expectancy, preferences and the likelihood of future procedures. For severe aortic stenosis requiring intervention, the 2025 ESC/EACTS guidance supports TAVI in anatomically suitable patients aged 70 or older with a three-leaflet (tricuspid) aortic valve. That is not a universal age rule: bicuspid valves, younger patients and the need for other surgery can change the decision. Three-leaflet versus bicuspid anatomy affects suitability. Concomitant coronary, aortic or other valve disease may favour a combined operation. Valve size and coronary access influence future treatment options. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) TAVI or valve surgery ↗","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"TAVI or valve surgery ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement/"}]},{"id":"teer","title":"What is TEER, and when is it considered?","text":"What is TEER, and when is it considered? TEER reduces leakage by bringing parts of a valve together with a catheter-delivered device. It is different from surgical repair and from TAVI. For selected symptomatic severe ventricular secondary mitral regurgitation despite optimized heart-failure treatment, the 2025 European guideline supports TEER to reduce heart-failure admissions and improve quality of life. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · Bumrungrad Heart Valve Center","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"Bumrungrad Heart Valve Center","url":"https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/centers/heart-valve-center-bangkok-thailand"}]},{"id":"approach","title":"Minimally invasive and robotic valve surgery","text":"Minimally invasive and robotic valve surgery A mitral repair may be possible through sternotomy, a smaller chest incision or a robot-assisted approach. Choose the repair plan and experienced team together with the access route. The same technique label does not make different valve procedures directly comparable. Sources: UK Mini Mitral trial · JAMA (2023) · Mayo Clinic: minimally invasive surgery Minimally invasive ↗ Specialists ↗ Open-heart surgery ↗","links":[{"label":"UK Mini Mitral trial · JAMA (2023)","url":"https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2805908"},{"label":"Mayo Clinic: minimally invasive surgery","url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/minimally-invasive-heart-surgery/about/pac-20384895"},{"label":"Minimally invasive ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/minimally-invasive/"},{"label":"Specialists ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgeons/"},{"label":"Open-heart surgery ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/open-heart-surgery/"}]},{"id":"aftercare","title":"Recovery and follow-up after valve treatment","text":"Recovery and follow-up after valve treatment Valve follow-up includes medication and anticoagulation management where indicated, imaging, rehabilitation and wound review. NHS guidance describes about a week in hospital and two to three months to full recovery after chest-incision valve replacement, with a shorter initial stay after TAVI. Sources: NHS: valve recovery Recovery ↗ Costs & quotes ↗","links":[{"label":"NHS: valve recovery","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/heart-valve-replacement/recovery/"},{"label":"Recovery ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/recovery/"},{"label":"Costs & quotes ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/cost/"}]},{"id":"matching-specialists","title":"Specialists for this treatment pathway","text":"Specialists for this treatment pathway Explore each specialist’s clinical focus, current programme and the studies relevant to this treatment. The listed roles include cardiac surgeons and, where appropriate, interventional cardiologists. Portrait source ↗ Gebze, Kocaeli (Istanbul region) · Turkey cardiac surgeon Haşim Üstünsoy → Üstünsoy practises within Anadolu’s programme for complex valve repair and valve-sparing aortic-root replacement. Selected mitral and tricuspid operations can use robotic access. Anadolu Medical Center → Sources: Prof. Haşim Üstünsoy | Anadolu Medical Center · Cardiovascular Surgery — Anadolu Medical Center · Robotic Surgery — Anadolu Medical Center View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Istanbul · Turkey cardiac surgeon Ali Fedakar → Fedakar explicitly lists second and third valve operations among his clinical interests at Hisar. Hisar Hospital Intercontinental → Sources: Prof. Dr. Ali Fedakar, M.D. | Hisar Intercontinental Hospital View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Gurugram · India cardiac surgeon Naresh Trehan → Trehan’s listed practice includes valve repair and replacement alongside coronary and aortic disease. Medanta → Sources: Cardiac Surgery Experts in Gurugram — Medanta View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ London · United Kingdom cardiac surgeon Ulrich Rosendahl → Rosendahl’s stated practice includes repair of the aortic, mitral and tricuspid valves and valve-sparing root replacement. Royal Brompton Hospital → Sources: Ulrich Rosendahl — clinical expertise and Royal Brompton location View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Cleveland, Ohio · United States cardiac surgeon A. Marc Gillinov → Gillinov’s Cleveland Clinic practice includes mitral repair and robotic mitral surgery. Cleveland Clinic → Sources: A. Marc Gillinov, MD | Cleveland Clinic · Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Bangkok · Thailand cardiac surgeon Pat Ongcharit → Ongcharit’s Bumrungrad profile includes valvular disease among his clinical interests. Bumrungrad International Hospital → Sources: Pat Ongcharit, M.D. | Bumrungrad International Hospital · Bumrungrad Heart Valve Center View expertise and research → Browse the full specialist directory →","links":[{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/doctor/hasim-ustunsoy"},{"label":"Haşim Üstünsoy →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-hasim-ustunsoy/"},{"label":"Anadolu Medical Center →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-anadolu/"},{"label":"Prof. Haşim Üstünsoy | Anadolu Medical Center","url":"https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/doctor/hasim-ustunsoy"},{"label":"Cardiovascular Surgery — Anadolu Medical Center","url":"https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/medical-field/cardiovascular-surgery"},{"label":"Robotic Surgery — Anadolu Medical Center","url":"https://www.anadolumedicalcenter.com/medical-technology/robotik-cerrahi"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-hasim-ustunsoy/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://hisarhospital.com/en/doctor/prof-ali-fedakar-m-d/"},{"label":"Ali Fedakar →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ali-fedakar/"},{"label":"Hisar Hospital Intercontinental →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-hisar/"},{"label":"Prof. Dr. Ali Fedakar, M.D. | Hisar Intercontinental Hospital","url":"https://hisarhospital.com/en/doctor/prof-ali-fedakar-m-d/"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ali-fedakar/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.medanta.org/hospitals-near-me/south-delhi/speciality/cardiology/doctor/dr-naresh-trehan"},{"label":"Naresh Trehan →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-naresh-trehan/"},{"label":"Medanta →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-medanta/"},{"label":"Cardiac Surgery Experts in Gurugram — Medanta","url":"https://www.medanta.org/doctor-listing/cardiac-surgery-doctors-in-gurugram?page=1"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-naresh-trehan/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.rbht.nhs.uk/specialists/mr-ulrich-rosendahl"},{"label":"Ulrich Rosendahl →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ulrich-rosendahl/"},{"label":"Royal Brompton Hospital →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-rbht/"},{"label":"Ulrich Rosendahl — clinical expertise and Royal Brompton location","url":"https://guysandstthomasspecialistcare.co.uk/specialists/ulrich-rosendahl/"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ulrich-rosendahl/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://providers.clevelandclinic.org/provider/a-marc-gillinov/4268438"},{"label":"A. Marc Gillinov →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-marc-gillinov/"},{"label":"Cleveland Clinic →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-cleveland/"},{"label":"A. Marc Gillinov, MD | Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://providers.clevelandclinic.org/provider/a-marc-gillinov/4268438"},{"label":"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893396/"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-marc-gillinov/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/doctors/pat-ongcharit"},{"label":"Pat Ongcharit →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-pat-ongcharit/"},{"label":"Bumrungrad International Hospital →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-bumrungrad/"},{"label":"Pat Ongcharit, M.D. | Bumrungrad International Hospital","url":"https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/doctors/pat-ongcharit"},{"label":"Bumrungrad Heart Valve Center","url":"https://www.bumrungrad.com/en/centers/heart-valve-center-bangkok-thailand"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-pat-ongcharit/"},{"label":"Browse the full specialist directory →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgeons/"}]}],"introduction":"Heart surgery guide / Heart valves Heart valves · Decision guide Heart valve surgery: repair, replacement and catheter options Repair, replacement, TAVI or TEER: understand what each option is designed to do. Research by Yevhenii Kozlov · Co-Founder of Bookimed Updated 8 October 2026 Sources linked throughout At a glance Valve treatment can preserve a repairable valve, replace a damaged one or use a catheter-based approach. The cause of the valve problem determines which options can work; repair, TAVI and TEER are different treatments. Repair preserves your own valve Durable repair is preferred for suitable severe degenerative mitral regurgitation requiring intervention. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) Mechanical and tissue valves differ Mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulation. Tissue valves can deteriorate and need another intervention. Sources: NHS: valve types TAVI usually means a shorter stay NHS guidance describes 2–3 hospital days after TAVI versus about a week after surgical replacement. Sources: NHS: valve recovery","related_documents":[{"id":"heart-surgery","title":"Heart surgery abroad: treatments, clinics and costs","kind":"home","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/heart-surgery.json"},{"id":"minimally-invasive","title":"Minimally invasive and robotic heart surgery","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/minimally-invasive/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/minimally-invasive.json"},{"id":"clinics","title":"Heart surgery clinics: compare techniques and specialist teams","kind":"directory","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinics/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/clinics.json"},{"id":"cost","title":"Heart surgery costs: valve surgery and CABG quotes","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/cost/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/cost.json"},{"id":"recovery","title":"Recovery after heart surgery: hospital, home and travel","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/recovery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/recovery.json"},{"id":"second-opinion","title":"Prepare for a heart surgery second opinion","kind":"inquiry","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/second-opinion/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/second-opinion.json"},{"id":"mitral-valve-repair","title":"Mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation: repair or replacement?","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/mitral-valve-repair/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/mitral-valve-repair.json"},{"id":"aortic-valve-disease","title":"Aortic stenosis, regurgitation and bicuspid valve surgery","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/aortic-valve-disease/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/aortic-valve-disease.json"},{"id":"endocarditis-surgery","title":"Endocarditis: valve infection and surgical assessment","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/endocarditis-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/endocarditis-surgery.json"},{"id":"repeat-heart-surgery","title":"Repeat heart surgery: reoperation and alternative approaches","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/repeat-heart-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/repeat-heart-surgery.json"},{"id":"mitral-stenosis","title":"Mitral stenosis: balloon treatment or valve surgery?","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/mitral-stenosis/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/mitral-stenosis.json"},{"id":"tricuspid-valve-disease","title":"Tricuspid valve disease: repair, replacement and catheter options","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/tricuspid-valve-disease/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/tricuspid-valve-disease.json"},{"id":"open-heart-surgery","title":"Open-heart surgery and sternotomy: procedures, alternatives and recovery","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/open-heart-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/open-heart-surgery.json"},{"id":"tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement","title":"TAVI vs surgical aortic valve replacement: suitability, risks and lifetime planning","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement.json"},{"id":"doctor-hasim-ustunsoy","title":"Haşim Üstünsoy: Coronary bypass specialist","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-hasim-ustunsoy/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-hasim-ustunsoy.json"},{"id":"doctor-ali-fedakar","title":"Ali Fedakar: Coronary bypass 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