{"schema_version":"bookimed.page-context.v1","id":"aortic-valve-disease","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/aortic-valve-disease/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/aortic-valve-disease.json","index_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/index.json","full_dataset_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/content.json","content_revision":"source-driven-rankings-20261008","date_modified":"2026-10-08","language":"en","kind":"guide","title":"Aortic stenosis, regurgitation and bicuspid valve surgery","summary":"Aortic stenosis is narrowing; regurgitation is leakage; a bicuspid valve has two leaflets. These distinctions change the treatment, and associated aortic disease may require surgery beyond the valve itself.","research_credit":{"name":"Yevhenii Kozlov","role":"Co-Founder of Bookimed","url":"https://us-uk.bookimed.com/ceo/kozlov/","contribution":"Research personally prepared and reviewed","assistance":"AI tools assisted source research."},"editorial_scope":"Source-based patient information; an individual treatment plan requires clinical review.","research_method":"How this guide is researched and compared Research project led by Yevhenii Kozlov . We link clinical guidance, primary studies and named hospital or offer sources beside the relevant statements. Comparisons distinguish individual operators from programme results and preserve the study population, follow-up and limitations. Prices are dated examples with their stated scope. Research and editorial preparation are separate from clinical review; no named clinician has medically reviewed this edition. Bookimed provides care coordination. Partner and reference programmes are identified from their sources; paid ordering is not used in our published-cohort comparison. Read the editorial policy .","key_takeaways":[{"label":"TAVI treats selected aortic stenosis","text":"The catheter route is not a universal substitute for surgery for every aortic-valve disorder.","sources":["C03"]},{"label":"Age and anatomy work together","text":"The 2025 European guideline supports TAVI from age 70 with suitable tricuspid aortic-valve anatomy; other clinical factors still matter.","sources":["C03"]},{"label":"Lifetime care differs by valve","text":"Mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulation; tissue valves may require another intervention.","sources":["C04"]}],"benefits":[{"text":"Surgery can replace or, in selected anatomy, repair the valve while treating associated aortic or coronary disease.","sources":["C03","C09"]}],"limitations":[{"text":"TAVI access, bicuspid anatomy, aortic enlargement and future coronary access can restrict the options.","sources":["ax-esc-vhd2025"]}],"sections":[{"id":"benefit-balance","title":"Benefits and trade-offs","text":"Benefits and trade-offs Potential advantages Surgery can replace or, in selected anatomy, repair the valve while treating associated aortic or coronary disease. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · ACC/AHA aortic guidance (2022) Trade-offs and limits TAVI access, bicuspid anatomy, aortic enlargement and future coronary access can restrict the options. Sources: 2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"ACC/AHA aortic guidance (2022)","url":"https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-Guideline-on-Aortic-Disease-2-gl-ad"},{"label":"2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaf276"}]},{"id":"diagnosis","title":"Three terms that change the discussion","text":"Three terms that change the discussion Report wording Meaning for treatment Aortic stenosis / AS Narrowing increases the work needed to eject blood; severity and symptoms guide intervention Aortic regurgitation / AR Backward leakage can enlarge or impair the ventricle; valve and root anatomy shape repair or replacement Bicuspid aortic valve / BAV Two-leaflet anatomy can coexist with aortic enlargement and change the suitability of catheter treatment Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · ACC/AHA aortic guidance (2022) · Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"ACC/AHA aortic guidance (2022)","url":"https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-Guideline-on-Aortic-Disease-2-gl-ad"},{"label":"Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment","url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353135"}],"tables":[[["Report wording","Meaning for treatment"],["Aortic stenosis / AS","Narrowing increases the work needed to eject blood; severity and symptoms guide intervention"],["Aortic regurgitation / AR","Backward leakage can enlarge or impair the ventricle; valve and root anatomy shape repair or replacement"],["Bicuspid aortic valve / BAV","Two-leaflet anatomy can coexist with aortic enlargement and change the suitability of catheter treatment"]]]},{"id":"tavi","title":"TAVI and surgical replacement","text":"TAVI and surgical replacement For severe aortic stenosis requiring intervention, the 2025 ESC/EACTS guidance supports TAVI in anatomically suitable patients aged 70 or older with a three-leaflet valve. Bicuspid anatomy, younger age, other planned surgery and future interventions require a more individual discussion. Pure aortic regurgitation means leakage rather than narrowing. Its anatomy and evidence differ from calcific stenosis, so stenosis-based TAVI recommendations do not automatically apply. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment Heart valves ↗ TAVI or valve surgery ↗","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment","url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353135"},{"label":"Heart valves ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgery/"},{"label":"TAVI or valve surgery ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement/"}]},{"id":"regurgitation","title":"A leaking valve: repair, replacement and the aorta","text":"A leaking valve: repair, replacement and the aorta For aortic regurgitation, timing depends on severity, symptoms and progression. Treatment can range from monitoring to repair or replacement. In selected cases the Ross operation is another surgical strategy: the pulmonary valve is moved into the aortic position and the pulmonary position receives a donor valve. An enlarged aortic root or ascending aorta can require treatment during valve surgery. That creates a combined operation, with a different scope and price from isolated valve replacement. Sources: Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment · ACC/AHA aortic guidance (2022) Aortic surgery ↗","links":[{"label":"Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment","url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353135"},{"label":"ACC/AHA aortic guidance (2022)","url":"https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-Guideline-on-Aortic-Disease-2-gl-ad"},{"label":"Aortic surgery ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/aortic-surgery/"}]},{"id":"lifetime","title":"The lifetime trade-off","text":"The lifetime trade-off Mechanical replacement trades durability for lifelong anticoagulation. Tissue replacement can reduce that valve-specific anticoagulation burden but can deteriorate. Future valve-in-valve treatment depends on size, anatomy and coronary access. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) · NHS: valve types","links":[{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"NHS: valve types","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/heart-valve-replacement/how-its-done/"}]},{"id":"cost","title":"TAVI and aortic valve surgery cost: compare the full plan","text":"TAVI and aortic valve surgery cost: compare the full plan On 8 October 2026, Bookimed’s Turkey TAVI page displayed a Memorial Şişli treatment listing of USD 23,930, and separate Memorial Bahçelievler and Göztepe packages at USD 25,320 labelled “Aortic Valve Replacement via Transapical Approach”. These are differently described offers; they do not establish the price of the same transfemoral procedure. TAVI costs include the transcatheter valve, access procedure, imaging and hospital care. Surgical replacement costs depend on the prosthesis and any combined bypass, aortic or other valve work. These components explain why a headline TAVI price and a surgical package total may cover different care. Cost component What changes the total Procedure and access Transfemoral TAVI, another catheter route and surgical replacement have different scopes Valve or prosthesis Model and inclusion in the quoted total matter Additional care Extra ICU days, pacing or readmission may add charges Follow-up Medicine supply, scans and local reviews may extend beyond the package Sources: TAVI in Turkey: named listings and package scope, 8 October 2026 · ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) Costs & quotes ↗","links":[{"label":"TAVI in Turkey: named listings and package scope, 8 October 2026","url":"https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinics/country=turkey/procedure=transcatheter-aortic-valve-implantation-tavi/"},{"label":"ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025)","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/"},{"label":"Costs & quotes ↗","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/cost/"}],"tables":[[["Cost component","What changes the total"],["Procedure and access","Transfemoral TAVI, another catheter route and surgical replacement have different scopes"],["Valve or prosthesis","Model and inclusion in the quoted total matter"],["Additional care","Extra ICU days, pacing or readmission may add charges"],["Follow-up","Medicine supply, scans and local reviews may extend beyond the package"]]]},{"id":"matching-specialists","title":"Specialists for this treatment pathway","text":"Specialists for this treatment pathway Explore each specialist’s clinical focus, current programme and the studies relevant to this treatment. The listed roles include cardiac surgeons and, where appropriate, interventional cardiologists. Portrait source ↗ Cleveland, Ohio · United States interventional cardiologist Samir Kapadia → Kapadia is a Cleveland Clinic interventional cardiologist specialising in TAVR and other catheter valve therapies. Cleveland Clinic → Sources: Samir Kapadia, MD View expertise and research → EL Paris · France cardiac surgeon Emmanuel Lansac → Lansac’s research combines aortic-root remodelling with external support of the valve annulus to retain the natural aortic valve. AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière → Sources: External aortic annuloplasty with a dedicated expansible ring improves outcomes in remodeling root repair compared with homemade Dacron ring. · Dr Emmanuel Lansac View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Durham, North Carolina · United States cardiac surgeon G. Chad Hughes → Hughes lists aortic valve repair and valve-sparing root replacement among his Duke clinical areas. Duke University Hospital → Sources: G. Chad Hughes, MD · Mid-term outcomes of aortic valve repair using an anatomically shaped internal annuloplasty ring. View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ London · United Kingdom cardiac surgeon Ulrich Rosendahl → Rosendahl’s stated practice includes repair of the aortic, mitral and tricuspid valves and valve-sparing root replacement. Royal Brompton Hospital → Sources: Ulrich Rosendahl — clinical expertise and Royal Brompton location View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Cleveland, Ohio · United States cardiac surgeon A. Marc Gillinov → Gillinov’s Cleveland Clinic practice includes mitral repair and robotic mitral surgery. Cleveland Clinic → Sources: A. Marc Gillinov, MD | Cleveland Clinic · Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases View expertise and research → Portrait source ↗ Gurugram · India cardiac surgeon Nitin Kumar Rajput → Rajput’s listed valve work includes endoscopic mitral and aortic replacement and repeat valve replacement. Medanta → Sources: Cardiac Surgery Experts in Gurugram — Medanta View expertise and research → Browse the full specialist directory →","links":[{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff/5003-samir-kapadia"},{"label":"Samir Kapadia →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-samir-kapadia/"},{"label":"Cleveland Clinic →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-cleveland/"},{"label":"Samir Kapadia, MD","url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff/5003-samir-kapadia"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-samir-kapadia/"},{"label":"Emmanuel Lansac →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-emmanuel-lansac/"},{"label":"AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-pitie-salpetriere/"},{"label":"External aortic annuloplasty with a dedicated expansible ring improves outcomes in remodeling root repair compared with homemade Dacron ring.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38914371/"},{"label":"Dr Emmanuel Lansac","url":"https://www.aphp.fr/dr-lansac-emmanuel"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-emmanuel-lansac/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.dukehealth.org/find-doctors-physicians/g-chad-hughes-md"},{"label":"G. Chad Hughes →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-g-chad-hughes/"},{"label":"Duke University Hospital →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-duke/"},{"label":"G. Chad Hughes, MD","url":"https://www.dukehealth.org/find-doctors-physicians/g-chad-hughes-md"},{"label":"Mid-term outcomes of aortic valve repair using an anatomically shaped internal annuloplasty ring.","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38006340/"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-g-chad-hughes/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.rbht.nhs.uk/specialists/mr-ulrich-rosendahl"},{"label":"Ulrich Rosendahl →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ulrich-rosendahl/"},{"label":"Royal Brompton Hospital →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-rbht/"},{"label":"Ulrich Rosendahl — clinical expertise and Royal Brompton location","url":"https://guysandstthomasspecialistcare.co.uk/specialists/ulrich-rosendahl/"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ulrich-rosendahl/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://providers.clevelandclinic.org/provider/a-marc-gillinov/4268438"},{"label":"A. Marc Gillinov →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-marc-gillinov/"},{"label":"Cleveland Clinic →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-cleveland/"},{"label":"A. Marc Gillinov, MD | Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://providers.clevelandclinic.org/provider/a-marc-gillinov/4268438"},{"label":"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893396/"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-marc-gillinov/"},{"label":"Portrait source ↗","url":"https://www.medanta.org/doctor-listing/cardiac-surgery-doctors-in-gurugram?page=1"},{"label":"Nitin Kumar Rajput →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-nitin-rajput/"},{"label":"Medanta →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-medanta/"},{"label":"Cardiac Surgery Experts in Gurugram — Medanta","url":"https://www.medanta.org/doctor-listing/cardiac-surgery-doctors-in-gurugram?page=1"},{"label":"View expertise and research →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-nitin-rajput/"},{"label":"Browse the full specialist directory →","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgeons/"}]}],"introduction":"Heart surgery guide / Aortic valve disease Aortic valve disease · Decision guide Aortic stenosis, regurgitation and bicuspid valve surgery Separate a narrowed valve from a leaking valve, then compare repair, replacement, TAVI and any associated aortic operation. Research by Yevhenii Kozlov · Co-Founder of Bookimed Updated 8 October 2026 Sources linked throughout At a glance Aortic stenosis is narrowing; regurgitation is leakage; a bicuspid valve has two leaflets. These distinctions change the treatment, and associated aortic disease may require surgery beyond the valve itself. TAVI treats selected aortic stenosis The catheter route is not a universal substitute for surgery for every aortic-valve disorder. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) Age and anatomy work together The 2025 European guideline supports TAVI from age 70 with suitable tricuspid aortic-valve anatomy; other clinical factors still matter. Sources: ESC/EACTS valve guidance (2025) Lifetime care differs by valve Mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulation; tissue valves may require another intervention. Sources: NHS: valve types","related_documents":[{"id":"heart-surgery","title":"Heart surgery abroad: treatments, clinics and costs","kind":"home","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/heart-surgery.json"},{"id":"heart-valve-surgery","title":"Heart valve surgery: repair, replacement and catheter options","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/heart-valve-surgery.json"},{"id":"aortic-surgery","title":"Aortic aneurysm surgery: options and specialist teams","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/aortic-surgery/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/aortic-surgery.json"},{"id":"surgeons","title":"Find cardiac surgeons and heart specialists by procedure","kind":"surgeons","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/surgeons/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/surgeons.json"},{"id":"cost","title":"Heart surgery costs: valve surgery and CABG quotes","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/cost/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/cost.json"},{"id":"second-opinion","title":"Prepare for a heart surgery second opinion","kind":"inquiry","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/second-opinion/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/second-opinion.json"},{"id":"tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement","title":"TAVI vs surgical aortic valve replacement: suitability, risks and lifetime planning","kind":"guide","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/tavi-vs-surgical-valve-replacement.json"},{"id":"doctor-ulrich-rosendahl","title":"Ulrich Rosendahl: Coronary bypass specialist","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-ulrich-rosendahl/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-ulrich-rosendahl.json"},{"id":"doctor-marc-gillinov","title":"A. Marc Gillinov: Mitral repair specialist","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-marc-gillinov/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-marc-gillinov.json"},{"id":"doctor-nitin-rajput","title":"Nitin Kumar Rajput: Coronary bypass specialist","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-nitin-rajput/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-nitin-rajput.json"},{"id":"doctor-emmanuel-lansac","title":"Emmanuel Lansac: aortic valve repair and root remodelling","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-emmanuel-lansac/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-emmanuel-lansac.json"},{"id":"doctor-g-chad-hughes","title":"G. Chad Hughes: aortic surgery and valve-sparing repair","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-g-chad-hughes/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-g-chad-hughes.json"},{"id":"doctor-samir-kapadia","title":"Samir Kapadia: TAVR and interventional cardiology","kind":"doctor-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/doctor-samir-kapadia/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/doctor-samir-kapadia.json"},{"id":"clinic-medanta","title":"Medanta: heart surgery expertise","kind":"clinic-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-medanta/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/clinic-medanta.json"},{"id":"clinic-rbht","title":"Royal Brompton Hospital: heart surgery expertise","kind":"clinic-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-rbht/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/clinic-rbht.json"},{"id":"clinic-cleveland","title":"Cleveland Clinic: heart surgery expertise","kind":"clinic-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-cleveland/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/clinic-cleveland.json"},{"id":"clinic-pitie-salpetriere","title":"AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière: heart surgery expertise","kind":"clinic-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-pitie-salpetriere/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/clinic-pitie-salpetriere.json"},{"id":"clinic-duke","title":"Duke University Hospital: heart surgery expertise","kind":"clinic-profile","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/clinic-duke/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/clinic-duke.json"},{"id":"heart-valve-surgeons","title":"Heart valve specialists","kind":"specialist-directory","url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/heart-surgery/heart-valve-surgeons/","json_url":"https://hub.bookimed.com/wp-content/uploads/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/pages/heart-valve-surgeons.json"}],"sources":{"C03":{"id":"C03","title":"2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/","publisher":"European Society of Cardiology","published":"2025","read_at":"2026-10-07","source_type":"Official guideline release overview"},"C04":{"id":"C04","title":"How a heart valve replacement is done","url":"https://www.nhs.uk/tests-and-treatments/heart-valve-replacement/how-its-done/","publisher":"NHS","published":"2025-07-17 (review)","read_at":"2026-10-08","source_type":"National health service patient information","body_access":"full_public_page_read","support_location":"Types of replacement heart valve; Open heart surgery; Minimally invasive surgery; TAVI steps","interpretation_limit":"Used for procedure and prosthesis descriptions only. Its TAVI candidacy wording is narrower than 2025 ESC/EACTS; do not use it to restrict TAVI to high-risk/inoperable patients."},"C09":{"id":"C09","title":"2022 ACC/AHA Aortic Disease Guideline Key Perspectives: Part 2 of 2","url":"https://www.acc.org/Latest-in-Cardiology/ten-points-to-remember/2022/11/01/12/21/2022-Guideline-on-Aortic-Disease-2-gl-ad","publisher":"American College of Cardiology","published":"2022-11-02","read_at":"2026-10-07","source_type":"Official society guideline summary"},"rbht-profile":{"id":"rbht-profile","title":"Mr Ulrich Rosendahl | Royal Brompton & Harefield hospitals","url":"https://www.rbht.nhs.uk/specialists/mr-ulrich-rosendahl","read_at":"2026-10-07","source_type":"official_hospital"},"cleveland-profile":{"id":"cleveland-profile","title":"A. Marc Gillinov, MD | Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://providers.clevelandclinic.org/provider/a-marc-gillinov/4268438","read_at":"2026-10-07","source_type":"official_hospital"},"D05":{"id":"D05","title":"Aortic valve regurgitation: diagnosis and treatment","url":"https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-valve-regurgitation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353135","publisher":"Mayo Clinic","read_at":"2026-10-07","source_type":"Official medical information or guideline"},"mitral-cleveland-robotic-learning-0":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893396/","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.07.037","title":"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases","published":"2018 issue; 2017 online","access_note":"Primary abstract text acquired in web search; direct PubMed route returned a cookies challenge. Full article not inspected. Recovery via Europe PMC attempted.","id":"mitral-cleveland-robotic-learning-0","publisher":"Primary journal article","read_at":"2026-10-07","source_type":"Institutional first1000 robotic operations; primary journal abstract plus current official programme body"},"medanta-surgeons":{"url":"https://www.medanta.org/doctor-listing/cardiac-surgery-doctors-in-gurugram?page=1","title":"Cardiac Surgery Experts in Gurugram — Medanta"},"rbht-rosendahl-current":{"url":"https://guysandstthomasspecialistcare.co.uk/specialists/ulrich-rosendahl/","title":"Ulrich Rosendahl — clinical expertise and Royal Brompton location","publisher":"Guy’s and St Thomas’ Specialist Care"},"cleveland-mitral1000":{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893396/","title":"Early results of robotically assisted mitral valve surgery: Analysis of the first 1000 cases","publisher":"Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery"},"bookimed-tavi-cost-20261008":{"title":"TAVI in Turkey: named listings and package scope, 8 October 2026","publisher":"Bookimed","url":"https://us-uk.bookimed.com/clinics/country=turkey/procedure=transcatheter-aortic-valve-implantation-tavi/"},"ax-esc-vhd2025":{"id":"ax-esc-vhd2025","title":"2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezaf276","publisher":"ESC/EACTS; European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery","published":"2025-08-29","read_at":"2026-10-08","source_type":"Clinical practice guideline","source_kind":"Clinical practice guideline","body_access":"original_guideline_PDF_relevant_sections_read","support_location":"Original PDF pp. 33–36: sections 8.5, 8.5.1, 8.5.1.1–8.5.1.3; p. 34 comparative complications and access; p. 35 BAV; p. 36 lifetime planning and age recommendations","doi":"10.1093/ejcts/ezaf276","body_file":"sources/esc2025-ejcts.pdf","text_file":"sources/esc2025-ejcts.txt","body_url":"https://matcvs.org.my/documents/guidelines/2025%20ESC%20EACTS%20Valvular%20Heart%20Disease%20Guidelines.pdf","access_limit":"OUP/ESC direct routes returned access errors. Complete original co-published EJCTS PDF retrieved from Malaysian Association for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery; title/authors/DOI and statement that EJCTS/EHJ versions are identical except style verified on p. 1. Only relevant pp. 1 and 33–37 inspected, not all 109 pages."},"ax-esc2025-release":{"id":"ax-esc2025-release","title":"2025 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease: official release","url":"https://www.escardio.org/news/news-room/congress-news/2025-guidelines-valvular-heart-disease/","publisher":"European Society of Cardiology","published":"2025-08-29","read_at":"2026-10-08","source_type":"Official guideline release overview","source_kind":"Official guideline release overview","body_access":"full_public_page_read","support_location":"Aortic stenosis: age 70, tricuspid valve, suitable anatomy, younger patients, lifetime trajectory","access_limit":"Overview is kept separate from the recovered full guideline."},"pd-adult-lansac-official":{"title":"Dr Emmanuel Lansac","publisher":"AP-HP","url":"https://www.aphp.fr/dr-lansac-emmanuel","read_at":"2026-10-08","kind":"official provider or programme page","support":"Current Pitié-Salpêtrière cardiac/thoracic surgery consultation listing.","limitations":"An institutional listing supports current role and stated clinical scope; it does not establish the next appointment, operating allocation or individual risk-adjusted results.","body_file":"outputs/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/review/provider-depth/adult/sources/lansac-official.txt"},"pd-adult-hughes-official":{"title":"G. Chad Hughes, MD","publisher":"Duke Health","url":"https://www.dukehealth.org/find-doctors-physicians/g-chad-hughes-md","read_at":"2026-10-08","kind":"official provider or programme page","support":"Active adult heart surgeon; valve repair, valve-sparing root, arch, thoracoabdominal, TEVAR and TAVR expertise.","limitations":"An institutional listing supports current role and stated clinical scope; it does not establish the next appointment, operating allocation or individual risk-adjusted results.","body_file":"outputs/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/review/provider-depth/adult/sources/hughes-official.txt"},"pd-adult-kapadia-official":{"title":"Samir Kapadia, MD","publisher":"Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://my.clevelandclinic.org/staff/5003-samir-kapadia","read_at":"2026-10-08","kind":"official provider or programme page","support":"Current cardiovascular medicine chair; interventional cardiologist, TAVR and complex coronary intervention expertise.","limitations":"An institutional listing supports current role and stated clinical scope; it does not establish the next appointment, operating allocation or individual risk-adjusted results.","body_file":"outputs/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/review/provider-depth/adult/sources/kapadia-official.txt"},"pd-adult-lansac375":{"title":"External aortic annuloplasty with a dedicated expansible ring improves outcomes in remodeling root repair compared with homemade Dacron ring.","publisher":"The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38914371/","read_at":"2026-10-08","kind":"original study abstract and author/affiliation record","support":"Abstract body and authorship inspected; numerical claims below are restricted to the reported endpoint and population.","limitations":"Full manuscript and supplementary operator allocations were not read in this pass. Authorship is not an individual surgical outcome series.","body_file":"outputs/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/review/provider-depth/adult/sources/lansac375.json","published_at":"2024-06-22","doi":"10.1016/j.jtcvs.2024.06.013","authors":"Shraer N, Youssefi P, Garufi L, Debauchez M, Lansac E."},"pd-adult-hughes71":{"title":"Mid-term outcomes of aortic valve repair using an anatomically shaped internal annuloplasty ring.","publisher":"European journal of cardio-thoracic surgery : official journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38006340/","read_at":"2026-10-08","kind":"original study abstract and author/affiliation record","support":"Abstract body and authorship inspected; numerical claims below are restricted to the reported endpoint and population.","limitations":"Full manuscript and supplementary operator allocations were not read in this pass. Authorship is not an individual surgical outcome series.","body_file":"outputs/heart-surgery-hub-20261007/review/provider-depth/adult/sources/hughes71.json","published_at":"2023-12-01","doi":"10.1093/ejcts/ezad395","authors":"Jarral OA, Jensen CW, Doberne JW, Downey PS, Serfas JD, Vekstein AM, Hughes GC."}}}